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SEIZURE WARNING
This videos may potentially trigger seizures for people with photosensitive epilepsy. Viewer discretion is advised.
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10 hours of WHITE strobe light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnt2Q_Hhsbc :: 40 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFPFoxqDEiA :: 100 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qzvTF1bMms :: 250 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYV0kXXYpbE :: 500 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKY6IWuYFxg :: 1000 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VRW_4s5Gqk :: random time flash
10 hours of RED strobe light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIiq8DlIVCs :: 40 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjuEP_pg1BY :: 100 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6k_d9sdRZo8 :: 250 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFkdOXJybA4 :: 500 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQZrmgjz9hI :: 1000 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYX34el3Z8s :: random time flash
10 hours of GREEN strobe light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lx4cx_cC7TU :: 40 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NvDMF8aWY4 :: 100 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnf69SnmWkU :: 250 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihQkhC3Ro44 :: 500 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyZHcT9ASlc :: 1000 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RsEDb8nR1s :: random time flash
10 hours of BLUE strobe light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fPWWaBKltI :: 40 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5dSH3mEW3I :: 100 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tirDK1xRFI :: 250 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nfjQjyYnH8 :: 500 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VreuanVL9Ks :: 1000 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39sJNMVV7ek :: random time flash
10 hours of RGB strobe light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvtHqpD5Gas :: 40 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6qdJJmA7YQ :: 100 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EstPtfGcLvU :: 250 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8ibW2fnnYs :: 500 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNvzTYKl8_Q :: 1000 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrqnrzJxlIc :: random time flash
10 hours of CYAN strobe light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFJ-sWue_uw :: 40 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMCpHEGC20I :: 100 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxsommiMLMA :: 250 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osbBu93NA8Y :: 500 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXOfuao9i2I :: 1000 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jkay-WazFsA :: random time flash
10 hours of ORANGE strobe light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1_UgH_udQw :: 40 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZawAsPH_Qw :: 100 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITKrVlZdD8c :: 250 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2ZA3yml4Vo :: 500 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tszNTaaItU :: 1000 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNuWqmEoLJQ :: random time flash
10 hours of PINK strobe light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FycT6i3SVNo :: 40 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CnsW91e6jI :: 100 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gs08vFR4Nto :: 250 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XL6qGSl2h5Q :: 500 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZVwsGBnbQk :: 1000 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXhCinMrLBs :: random time flash
10 hours of PURPLE strobe light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgzVORywZYg :: 40 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttmlQu2q8TE :: 100 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXU6ZlGmW-c :: 250 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnjK6ZbwA34 :: 500 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3L9I7-ML4A :: 1000 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B7PyLt-JGXI :: random time flash
10 hours of YELLOW strobe light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUuLGvszd-c :: 40 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuZB31YgLpc :: 100 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RUrXs6kpmQ :: 250 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2o2skWsdwxQ :: 500 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TR2rzr1Xx1Y :: 1000 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSrLWqh5boA :: random time flash
10 hours of MIX COLORS strobe light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNCcOyPwxLU :: 40 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIpSgYJmTVE :: 100 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvtMRzK-ZGE :: 250 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RdDFoAQvc8 :: 500 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JV_4jU-RKCs :: 1000 millisecond flash
10 hours of RAINBOW COLORS strobe light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0R1YDlx18PM :: 40 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNZvYjNK0rk :: 100 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzdIGLnouJQ :: 250 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHBScL-Tia4 :: 500 millisecond flash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eX6V0-KJbHw :: 1000 millisecond flash
Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta flash. Mostrar todas as mensagens
Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta flash. Mostrar todas as mensagens
sábado, 14 de julho de 2018
quarta-feira, 10 de maio de 2017
What is a Router of a Network | O que é um Router de uma Rede Informática
O que é um Router (Roteador) de uma Rede Informática
Um router (roteador) é um dispositivo de uma rede informática que encaminha pacotes de dados com outros routers por todo o mundo através da internet. Para esta comunicação ser feita, o router tem de ter conectado pelo menos dois cabos de rede. O router recebe os dados através de um dos cabos, processa os dados para determinar qual o seu destino, e de seguida envia os dados pelo caminho que é mais eficaz/curto para chegar ao destino ou ao próximo router. Quanto maior a distância de destino dos dados, por mais routers os dados precisam de passar, por vezes passando por dezenas de routers até chegar ao destino final.
Um router é um computador, mas um computador especial cujo objectivo é apenas reencaminhar dados para ligar redes informativas remotas. Existem muitos tipos de routers, e de muitas marcas, desde um simples e barato router de uma casa, a um router profissional muito caro de um Fornecedor de Serviços de Internet (ISP), os preços podem variar entre USD$20 a USD$1000. Mas um router tem os mesmos componentes que um laptop, tablet ou smartphone, tal como:
• Unidade de Processamento Central (CPU)
• Sistema Operativo (OS)
• Memória (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash)
• Ligações para comunicar
Unidade de processamento central (CPU) é como um CPU de um computador ou tablet, mas que o seu objectivo é apenas processar informação para reencaminhar para o seu destino e processar comandos de um administrador, devido à sua utilização ser 24 horas por dia também necessita de um dissipador para arrefecer o processador.
Sistema Operativo (OS) não é tão complexo como um Microsoft Windows ou MacOS, mas um router também necessita de um Sistema Operativo para iniciar o equipamento, receber e executar as configurações de um administrador.
Memória de um router é constituída por memória volátil (RAM) e memória de leitura (ROM). A memória volátil necessita de energia continua para guardar a informação, quando um router é desligado ou reiniciado, essa memória é apagada. A memória de leitura (não-volátil) é guardada e não é apagada mesmo quando o router está desligado ou reiniciado. Um router pode ter quatro tipos de memória: RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) – Memória de Acesso Aleatório é usada para armazenar o sistema operativo e aplicações e configurações que são carregados quando o router é iniciado para ser usado durante o seu funcionamento, porque é um tipo de memória muito rápida. Esta memória também é usada para mapear endereços MAC e fazer o buffer temporário dos pacotes a serem reencaminhados.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Memória de leitura é usada para guardar instruções de inicialização do equipamento e firmware.
• NVRAM (Non-volatile random-access memory) – Memória não volátil usada para guardar permanentemente o ficheiro de configurações do router que guarda as configurações dadas pelo administrador e que é carregado durante a inicializações do equipamento.
• Flash Memory – Memória usada para guardar permanentemente o Sistema Operativo, arquivos necessários ao sistema, ficheiros log, e outros arquivos necessários. Quando o equipamento é iniciado, é a esta memória que a RAM copia os Sistema operativo.
Ligações para comunicar variam consoante a necessidade e ligações que disponíveis de acesso à Internet. Um Router profissional permite que um administrador substitua componentes, por melhores interfaces ou novas interfaces. Tipicamente é utilizado uma luz LED para mostrar que a correspondente interface está a comunicar. Num router profissional algumas interfaces são Ethernet, Console, AUX, USB, POE, mas que pode possuir ranhuras que permite ao administrador adicionar placas com interfaces adicionais.
• Ethernet – Portas RJ-45 usadas para ligar a redes LAN para fornecer acesso à internet.
• Console – Porta de consola que permite uma ligação directa ao equipamento para configurações do administrador através de linha de comandos.
• AUX (Auxiliary) – Porta RJ-45 para gerenciamento remoto.
• USB – Porta USB que permite adicionar espaço de armazenamento adicional.
• POE (Power Over Ethernet) – Porta RJ-45 que permite enviar energia para os equipamentos sem que estes necessitem de estar ligados a outra fonte de energia para poderem funcionar.
ENGLISH
What is a Router of a Network
A router is a device in a computer network that forwards/receives data packets with other routers around the world through the internet. For this communication to be made, the router must have connected at least two network cables. The router receives the data through one of the cables, processes the data to determine its destination, and then sends the data through the most efficient/shortest path to reach the destination or the next router. The higher the destination distance of the data, the more routers the data need to pass through, sometimes through dozens of routers until it reaches its final destination.
A router is a computer, but a special computer whose purpose is to just forward data to connect to remote networks. There are many types of routers, and from many brands, from a simple and cheap router to a home, to a very expensive professional router for an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Prices can range from USD $ 20 to USD $ 1000. But a router has the same components as a laptop, tablet or smartphone, such as:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Operating System (OS)
• Memory (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash)
• Physical ports to communicate
Central processing unit (CPU) is like a CPU of a computer or tablet, but its purpose is to only for process information to forward it to the destination and process commands from an administrator, due to its use being 24 hours a day, it also needs a heatsink to cool the processor.
Operating System (OS) is not as complex as a Microsoft Windows or MacOS, but a router also needs an Operating System to start the machine, receive and execute the commands and settings of an administrator.
The Router's memory consists of volatile memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The volatile memory requires continuous power to store the information, when a router is turned off or reset, this memory is erased. The read (non-volatile) memory is stored and is not erased even when the router is turned off or restarted. A router can have four types of memory: RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) – Used to store the operating system, applications and settings that are loaded when the router is started. Used during the starting because it is a very fast type of memory. This memory is also used to map MAC addresses and temporarily buffer the packets to be forwarded.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Read memory is used to store hardware and firmware initiation instructions.
• Non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) – A non-volatile memory is used to permanently save the router settings file that has the administrator configured settings, and loads during the start-up of the router.
• Flash Memory – Memory used to permanently save the Operating System, files of the system, log files, and other necessary files. When the router is started, the RAM copies the Operating System to this memory.
Physical ports to communicate vary depending on the need and available Internet access connections. A professional Router allows an administrator to replace components, with better interfaces or new interfaces. Typically a LED light is used to show that the corresponding interface is communicating. In a professional router some interfaces are Ethernet, Console, AUX, USB, POE, but it may have slots that allows the administrator to add boards with additional interfaces.
• Ethernet – RJ-45 ports used to connect to LANs to provide access to the Internet.
• Console – A console port that allows a direct connection to the machine for administrator configure the settings through the command line.
• AUX (Auxiliary) – RJ-45 port for remote management.
• USB – USB port that allows you to add additional storage space.
• Power over Ethernet (POE) – RJ-45 port that allows you to send power to other equipment without them needing to be connected to a power source in order to work.
FRENCH | FRANÇAIS
Qu'est-ce qu'un routeur d'un réseau
Un routeur est un périphérique dans un réseau informatique qui transmet / reçoit des paquets de données avec d'autres routeurs à travers le monde via Internet. Pour que cette communication soit faite, le routeur doit avoir connecté au moins deux câbles réseau. Le routeur reçoit les données par l'un des câbles, traite les données pour déterminer leur destination, puis envoie les données via le chemin le plus efficace / le plus court pour atteindre la destination ou le prochain routeur. Plus la distance de destination est élevée, plus les routeurs doivent être transmis, parfois à travers des dizaines de routeurs jusqu'à ce qu'il atteigne sa destination finale.
Un routeur est un ordinateur, mais un ordinateur spécial dont le but est simplement de transférer des données pour se connecter à des réseaux distants. Il existe de nombreux types de routeurs et de nombreuses marques, d'un routeur simple et bon marché à une maison, à un routeur professionnel très coûteux pour un fournisseur de services Internet (FAI). Les prix peuvent aller de USD $ 20 à USD $ 1000. Mais un routeur a les mêmes composants qu'un ordinateur portable, une tablette ou un smartphone, tels que:
• Unité centrale de traitement (CPU)
• Système d'exploitation (OS)
• Mémoire (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash)
• Ports physiques à communiquer
L'unité de traitement central (CPU) est comme une CPU d'un ordinateur ou d'une tablette, mais son but est uniquement de traiter l'information pour la transmettre aux commandes de destination et de traitement d'un administrateur, car son utilisation est 24 heures sur 24, elle aussi A besoin d'un radiateur pour refroidir le processeur.
Le système d'exploitation (OS) n'est pas aussi complexe que Microsoft Windows ou MacOS, mais un routeur a également besoin d'un système d'exploitation pour démarrer la machine, recevoir et exécuter les commandes et les paramètres d'un administrateur.
La mémoire du routeur consiste en une mémoire volatile (RAM) et une mémoire morte (ROM). La mémoire volatile nécessite une alimentation continue pour stocker l'information, lorsqu'un routeur est éteint ou réinitialisé, cette mémoire est effacée. La mémoire lue (non volatile) est stockée et n'est pas effacée même lorsque le routeur est éteint ou redémarré. Un routeur peut avoir quatre types de mémoire: RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash.
• RAM (Mémoire à accès aléatoire) – utilisé pour stocker le système d'exploitation, les applications et les paramètres chargés lorsque le routeur est démarré. Utilisé pendant le démarrage car c'est un type de mémoire très rapide. Cette mémoire est également utilisée pour mapper les adresses MAC et amortir temporairement les paquets à transmettre.
• ROM (Mémoire Read-Only) – La mémoire de lecture est utilisée pour stocker les instructions d'initiation du matériel et du firmware.
• Mémoire non volatile à accès aléatoire (NVRAM) – Une mémoire non volatile est utilisée pour sauvegarder en permanence le fichier de configuration du routeur qui comporte les paramètres configurés par l'administrateur et chargé pendant le démarrage du routeur.
• Flash – Mémoire utilisée pour sauvegarder en permanence le système d'exploitation, les fichiers du système, les fichiers journaux et les autres fichiers nécessaires. Lorsque le routeur est démarré, la RAM copie le système d'exploitation sur cette mémoire.
Les ports physiques à communiquer varient en fonction du besoin et des connexions d'accès Internet disponibles. Un routeur professionnel permet à un administrateur de remplacer des composants, de meilleures interfaces ou de nouvelles interfaces. Généralement, une lumière LED est utilisée pour montrer que l'interface correspondante se communique. Dans un routeur professionnel, certaines interfaces sont Ethernet, Console, AUX, USB, POE, mais il peut avoir des machines à sous qui permettent à l'administrateur d'ajouter des cartes avec des interfaces supplémentaires.
• Ethernet – Les ports RJ-45 sont utilisés pour se connecter à des réseaux locaux pour accéder à Internet.
• Console – Un port de console qui permet une connexion directe à la machine pour l'administrateur configure les paramètres via la ligne de commande.
• AUX (Auxiliaire) – Port RJ-45 pour la gestion à distance.
• USB – port USB qui vous permet d'ajouter un espace de stockage supplémentaire.
• Power over Ethernet (POE) – Port RJ-45 qui vous permet d'envoyer de l'énergie à d'autres équipements sans avoir besoin d'être connecté à une source d'alimentation pour fonctionner.
SPANISH | ESPAÑOL
Qué es un enrutador de una red
Un enrutador es un dispositivo de una red informática que envía / recibe paquetes de datos con otros enrutadores de todo el mundo a través de Internet. Para que se realice esta comunicación, el enrutador debe haber conectado por lo menos dos cables de red. El enrutador recibe los datos a través de uno de los cables, procesa los datos para determinar su destino y luego envía los datos a través de la ruta más eficiente / más corta para llegar al destino o al siguiente enrutador. Cuanto mayor sea la distancia de destino de los datos, más routers los datos necesitan pasar, a veces a través de decenas de routers hasta que alcanza su destino final.
Un enrutador es una computadora, pero una computadora especial cuyo propósito es simplemente enviar datos para conectarse a redes remotas. Hay muchos tipos de enrutadores, y de muchas marcas, de un enrutador simple y barato a un hogar, a un enrutador profesional muy caro para un proveedor de servicios de Internet (ISP). Los precios pueden variar de USD $ 20 a USD $ 1000. Pero un enrutador tiene los mismos componentes que un ordenador portátil, una tableta o un smartphone, tales como:
• Unidad Central de Procesamiento (CPU)
• Sistema operativo (SO)
• Memoria (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash)
• Puertos físicos para comunicarse
La unidad de procesamiento central (CPU) es como una CPU de una computadora o tableta, pero su propósito es sólo para que la información de proceso lo remita al destino y procese los comandos de un administrador, debido a su uso 24 horas al día, también Necesita un disipador de calor para enfriar el procesador.
El sistema operativo (OS) no es tan complejo como un Microsoft Windows o MacOS, pero un enrutador también necesita un sistema operativo para iniciar la máquina, recibir y ejecutar los comandos y la configuración de un administrador.
La memoria del router consiste en memoria volátil (RAM) y memoria de sólo lectura (ROM). La memoria volátil requiere alimentación continua para almacenar la información, cuando se desactiva o restablece un enrutador, se borra esta memoria. La memoria de lectura (no volátil) se almacena y no se borra incluso cuando el enrutador se apaga o se reinicia. Un enrutador puede tener cuatro tipos de memoria: RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) – se utiliza para almacenar el sistema operativo, las aplicaciones y la configuración que se cargan cuando se inicia el enrutador. Se utiliza durante el arranque porque es un tipo muy rápido de memoria. Esta memoria también se utiliza para asignar direcciones MAC y almacenar temporalmente los paquetes que se van a reenviar.
• ROM (memoria de sólo lectura) – la memoria de lectura se utiliza para almacenar las instrucciones de iniciación de hardware y firmware.
• Memoria de acceso aleatorio no volátil (NVRAM) – se utiliza una memoria no volátil para guardar permanentemente el archivo de configuración del enrutador que tiene la configuración configurada por el administrador y se carga durante el arranque del enrutador.
• Flash – memoria utilizada para guardar permanentemente el sistema operativo, los archivos del sistema, los archivos de registro y otros archivos necesarios. Cuando se inicia el enrutador, la RAM copia el sistema operativo a esta memoria.
Los puertos físicos para comunicarse varían según la necesidad y las conexiones de acceso a Internet disponibles. Un router profesional permite a un administrador reemplazar componentes, con mejores interfaces o nuevas interfaces. Normalmente se utiliza una luz LED para mostrar que la interfaz correspondiente está comunicando. En un router profesional algunas interfaces son Ethernet, consola, AUX, USB, POE, pero puede tener ranuras que permite al administrador añadir tablas con interfaces adicionales.
• Ethernet – Los puertos RJ-45 se utilizan para conectarse a LAN para proporcionar acceso a Internet.
• Consola – puerto de consola que permite una conexión directa a la máquina para que el administrador configure los ajustes a través de la línea de comandos.
• AUX (auxiliar) – Puerto RJ-45 para la gestión remota.
• USB – Puerto USB que le permite añadir espacio de almacenamiento adicional.
• Power over Ethernet (POE) – Puerto RJ-45 que le permite enviar energía a otros equipos sin necesidad de conectarlos a una fuente de alimentación para poder trabajar.
GERMAN | DEUTSCHE
Was ist ein Router eines Netzwerks
Ein Router ist ein Gerät in einem Computernetzwerk, das Datenpakete mit anderen Routern auf der ganzen Welt über das Internet weiterleitet / empfängt. Für diese Kommunikation muss der Router mindestens zwei Netzwerkkabel angeschlossen haben. Der Router empfängt die Daten über eines der Kabel, verarbeitet die Daten, um sein Ziel zu bestimmen, und sendet dann die Daten über den effizientesten / kürzesten Weg, um das Ziel oder den nächsten Router zu erreichen. Je höher der Zielabstand der Daten ist, desto mehr Router müssen die Daten durchlaufen, manchmal durch Dutzende von Routern, bis sie ihr endgültiges Ziel erreichen.
Ein Router ist ein Computer, aber ein spezieller Computer, dessen Zweck es ist, Daten einfach weiterzuleiten, um eine Verbindung zu entfernten Netzwerken herzustellen. Es gibt viele Arten von Routern, und von vielen Marken, von einem einfachen und billigen Router zu einem Haus, zu einem sehr teuren professionellen Router für einen Internet Service Provider (ISP). Die Preise können von USD $ 20 bis USD $ 1000 reichen. Aber ein Router hat die gleichen Komponenten wie ein Laptop, Tablet oder Smartphone, wie zum Beispiel:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Betriebssystem (OS)
• Speicher (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash)
• Physische Ports zu kommunizieren
Die zentrale Verarbeitungseinheit (CPU) ist wie eine CPU eines Computers oder Tablets, aber ihr Ziel ist es, nur für Prozessinformationen zu übermitteln, um sie an die Ziel- und Prozessbefehle von einem Administrator zu übergeben, da es 24 Stunden am Tag ist Braucht einen Kühlkörper, um den Prozessor zu kühlen.
Betriebssystem (OS) ist nicht so komplex wie ein Microsoft Windows oder MacOS, aber ein Router benötigt auch ein Betriebssystem, um die Maschine zu starten, die Befehle und Einstellungen eines Administrators zu empfangen und auszuführen.
Der Speicher des Routers besteht aus flüchtigem Speicher (RAM) und Nur-Lese-Speicher (ROM). Der flüchtige Speicher erfordert eine kontinuierliche Stromversorgung, um die Information zu speichern, wenn ein Router ausgeschaltet oder zurückgesetzt wird, wird dieser Speicher gelöscht. Der gelesene (nicht flüchtige) Speicher wird gespeichert und wird auch dann nicht gelöscht, wenn der Router ausgeschaltet oder neu gestartet wird. Ein Router kann vier Arten von Speicher haben: RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) – Wird verwendet, um das Betriebssystem, Anwendungen und Einstellungen zu speichern, die geladen werden, wenn der Router gestartet wird. Wird während des Starts verwendet, weil es eine sehr schnelle Art von Speicher ist. Dieser Speicher wird auch verwendet, um MAC-Adressen zuzuordnen und die zu übertragenden Pakete vorübergehend zu puffern.
• ROM (Nur-Lese-Speicher) – Der Lesespeicher dient zum Speichern von Hardware- und Firmware-Initialisierungsanweisungen.
• Nicht-flüchtiger Speicher mit wahlfreiem Zugriff (NVRAM) – Ein nichtflüchtiger Speicher wird verwendet, um die Router-Einstellungsdatei dauerhaft zu speichern, bei der die Administratoreinstellungen konfiguriert sind und während der Inbetriebnahme des Routers geladen wird.
• Flash – Speicher zum dauerhaften Speichern des Betriebssystems, Dateien des Systems, Protokolldateien und andere notwendige Dateien. Wenn der Router gestartet wird, kopiert der RAM das Betriebssystem in diesen Speicher.
Physische Ports zur Kommunikation variieren je nach Bedarf und verfügbaren Internet-Zugangsverbindungen. Ein professioneller Router ermöglicht es einem Administrator, Komponenten zu ersetzen, mit besseren Schnittstellen oder neuen Schnittstellen. Typischerweise wird ein LED-Licht verwendet, um zu zeigen, dass die entsprechende Schnittstelle kommuniziert. In einem professionellen Router sind einige Schnittstellen Ethernet, Console, AUX, USB, POE, aber es kann auch Slots haben, die es dem Administrator ermöglichen, Boards mit zusätzlichen Schnittstellen hinzuzufügen.
• Ethernet – RJ-45-Ports, die für die Verbindung zu LANs verwendet werden, um den Zugriff auf das Internet zu ermöglichen.
• Konsole – Ein Konsolenport, der eine direkte Verbindung zum Gerät für den Administrator ermöglicht, konfigurieren die Einstellungen über die Befehlszeile.
• AUX (Auxiliary) – RJ-45-Port für die Fernverwaltung.
• USB – USB Port mit dem Sie zusätzlichen Speicherplatz hinzufügen können.
• Power over Ethernet (POE) – RJ-45-Port, mit dem Sie Strom an andere Geräte senden können, ohne dass sie an eine Stromquelle angeschlossen werden müssen, um zu arbeiten.
Um router (roteador) é um dispositivo de uma rede informática que encaminha pacotes de dados com outros routers por todo o mundo através da internet. Para esta comunicação ser feita, o router tem de ter conectado pelo menos dois cabos de rede. O router recebe os dados através de um dos cabos, processa os dados para determinar qual o seu destino, e de seguida envia os dados pelo caminho que é mais eficaz/curto para chegar ao destino ou ao próximo router. Quanto maior a distância de destino dos dados, por mais routers os dados precisam de passar, por vezes passando por dezenas de routers até chegar ao destino final.
Um router é um computador, mas um computador especial cujo objectivo é apenas reencaminhar dados para ligar redes informativas remotas. Existem muitos tipos de routers, e de muitas marcas, desde um simples e barato router de uma casa, a um router profissional muito caro de um Fornecedor de Serviços de Internet (ISP), os preços podem variar entre USD$20 a USD$1000. Mas um router tem os mesmos componentes que um laptop, tablet ou smartphone, tal como:
• Unidade de Processamento Central (CPU)
• Sistema Operativo (OS)
• Memória (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash)
• Ligações para comunicar
Unidade de processamento central (CPU) é como um CPU de um computador ou tablet, mas que o seu objectivo é apenas processar informação para reencaminhar para o seu destino e processar comandos de um administrador, devido à sua utilização ser 24 horas por dia também necessita de um dissipador para arrefecer o processador.
Sistema Operativo (OS) não é tão complexo como um Microsoft Windows ou MacOS, mas um router também necessita de um Sistema Operativo para iniciar o equipamento, receber e executar as configurações de um administrador.
Memória de um router é constituída por memória volátil (RAM) e memória de leitura (ROM). A memória volátil necessita de energia continua para guardar a informação, quando um router é desligado ou reiniciado, essa memória é apagada. A memória de leitura (não-volátil) é guardada e não é apagada mesmo quando o router está desligado ou reiniciado. Um router pode ter quatro tipos de memória: RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) – Memória de Acesso Aleatório é usada para armazenar o sistema operativo e aplicações e configurações que são carregados quando o router é iniciado para ser usado durante o seu funcionamento, porque é um tipo de memória muito rápida. Esta memória também é usada para mapear endereços MAC e fazer o buffer temporário dos pacotes a serem reencaminhados.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Memória de leitura é usada para guardar instruções de inicialização do equipamento e firmware.
• NVRAM (Non-volatile random-access memory) – Memória não volátil usada para guardar permanentemente o ficheiro de configurações do router que guarda as configurações dadas pelo administrador e que é carregado durante a inicializações do equipamento.
• Flash Memory – Memória usada para guardar permanentemente o Sistema Operativo, arquivos necessários ao sistema, ficheiros log, e outros arquivos necessários. Quando o equipamento é iniciado, é a esta memória que a RAM copia os Sistema operativo.
Ligações para comunicar variam consoante a necessidade e ligações que disponíveis de acesso à Internet. Um Router profissional permite que um administrador substitua componentes, por melhores interfaces ou novas interfaces. Tipicamente é utilizado uma luz LED para mostrar que a correspondente interface está a comunicar. Num router profissional algumas interfaces são Ethernet, Console, AUX, USB, POE, mas que pode possuir ranhuras que permite ao administrador adicionar placas com interfaces adicionais.
• Ethernet – Portas RJ-45 usadas para ligar a redes LAN para fornecer acesso à internet.
• Console – Porta de consola que permite uma ligação directa ao equipamento para configurações do administrador através de linha de comandos.
• AUX (Auxiliary) – Porta RJ-45 para gerenciamento remoto.
• USB – Porta USB que permite adicionar espaço de armazenamento adicional.
• POE (Power Over Ethernet) – Porta RJ-45 que permite enviar energia para os equipamentos sem que estes necessitem de estar ligados a outra fonte de energia para poderem funcionar.
ENGLISH
What is a Router of a Network
A router is a device in a computer network that forwards/receives data packets with other routers around the world through the internet. For this communication to be made, the router must have connected at least two network cables. The router receives the data through one of the cables, processes the data to determine its destination, and then sends the data through the most efficient/shortest path to reach the destination or the next router. The higher the destination distance of the data, the more routers the data need to pass through, sometimes through dozens of routers until it reaches its final destination.
A router is a computer, but a special computer whose purpose is to just forward data to connect to remote networks. There are many types of routers, and from many brands, from a simple and cheap router to a home, to a very expensive professional router for an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Prices can range from USD $ 20 to USD $ 1000. But a router has the same components as a laptop, tablet or smartphone, such as:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Operating System (OS)
• Memory (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash)
• Physical ports to communicate
Central processing unit (CPU) is like a CPU of a computer or tablet, but its purpose is to only for process information to forward it to the destination and process commands from an administrator, due to its use being 24 hours a day, it also needs a heatsink to cool the processor.
Operating System (OS) is not as complex as a Microsoft Windows or MacOS, but a router also needs an Operating System to start the machine, receive and execute the commands and settings of an administrator.
The Router's memory consists of volatile memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The volatile memory requires continuous power to store the information, when a router is turned off or reset, this memory is erased. The read (non-volatile) memory is stored and is not erased even when the router is turned off or restarted. A router can have four types of memory: RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) – Used to store the operating system, applications and settings that are loaded when the router is started. Used during the starting because it is a very fast type of memory. This memory is also used to map MAC addresses and temporarily buffer the packets to be forwarded.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Read memory is used to store hardware and firmware initiation instructions.
• Non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) – A non-volatile memory is used to permanently save the router settings file that has the administrator configured settings, and loads during the start-up of the router.
• Flash Memory – Memory used to permanently save the Operating System, files of the system, log files, and other necessary files. When the router is started, the RAM copies the Operating System to this memory.
Physical ports to communicate vary depending on the need and available Internet access connections. A professional Router allows an administrator to replace components, with better interfaces or new interfaces. Typically a LED light is used to show that the corresponding interface is communicating. In a professional router some interfaces are Ethernet, Console, AUX, USB, POE, but it may have slots that allows the administrator to add boards with additional interfaces.
• Ethernet – RJ-45 ports used to connect to LANs to provide access to the Internet.
• Console – A console port that allows a direct connection to the machine for administrator configure the settings through the command line.
• AUX (Auxiliary) – RJ-45 port for remote management.
• USB – USB port that allows you to add additional storage space.
• Power over Ethernet (POE) – RJ-45 port that allows you to send power to other equipment without them needing to be connected to a power source in order to work.
FRENCH | FRANÇAIS
Qu'est-ce qu'un routeur d'un réseau
Un routeur est un périphérique dans un réseau informatique qui transmet / reçoit des paquets de données avec d'autres routeurs à travers le monde via Internet. Pour que cette communication soit faite, le routeur doit avoir connecté au moins deux câbles réseau. Le routeur reçoit les données par l'un des câbles, traite les données pour déterminer leur destination, puis envoie les données via le chemin le plus efficace / le plus court pour atteindre la destination ou le prochain routeur. Plus la distance de destination est élevée, plus les routeurs doivent être transmis, parfois à travers des dizaines de routeurs jusqu'à ce qu'il atteigne sa destination finale.
Un routeur est un ordinateur, mais un ordinateur spécial dont le but est simplement de transférer des données pour se connecter à des réseaux distants. Il existe de nombreux types de routeurs et de nombreuses marques, d'un routeur simple et bon marché à une maison, à un routeur professionnel très coûteux pour un fournisseur de services Internet (FAI). Les prix peuvent aller de USD $ 20 à USD $ 1000. Mais un routeur a les mêmes composants qu'un ordinateur portable, une tablette ou un smartphone, tels que:
• Unité centrale de traitement (CPU)
• Système d'exploitation (OS)
• Mémoire (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash)
• Ports physiques à communiquer
L'unité de traitement central (CPU) est comme une CPU d'un ordinateur ou d'une tablette, mais son but est uniquement de traiter l'information pour la transmettre aux commandes de destination et de traitement d'un administrateur, car son utilisation est 24 heures sur 24, elle aussi A besoin d'un radiateur pour refroidir le processeur.
Le système d'exploitation (OS) n'est pas aussi complexe que Microsoft Windows ou MacOS, mais un routeur a également besoin d'un système d'exploitation pour démarrer la machine, recevoir et exécuter les commandes et les paramètres d'un administrateur.
La mémoire du routeur consiste en une mémoire volatile (RAM) et une mémoire morte (ROM). La mémoire volatile nécessite une alimentation continue pour stocker l'information, lorsqu'un routeur est éteint ou réinitialisé, cette mémoire est effacée. La mémoire lue (non volatile) est stockée et n'est pas effacée même lorsque le routeur est éteint ou redémarré. Un routeur peut avoir quatre types de mémoire: RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash.
• RAM (Mémoire à accès aléatoire) – utilisé pour stocker le système d'exploitation, les applications et les paramètres chargés lorsque le routeur est démarré. Utilisé pendant le démarrage car c'est un type de mémoire très rapide. Cette mémoire est également utilisée pour mapper les adresses MAC et amortir temporairement les paquets à transmettre.
• ROM (Mémoire Read-Only) – La mémoire de lecture est utilisée pour stocker les instructions d'initiation du matériel et du firmware.
• Mémoire non volatile à accès aléatoire (NVRAM) – Une mémoire non volatile est utilisée pour sauvegarder en permanence le fichier de configuration du routeur qui comporte les paramètres configurés par l'administrateur et chargé pendant le démarrage du routeur.
• Flash – Mémoire utilisée pour sauvegarder en permanence le système d'exploitation, les fichiers du système, les fichiers journaux et les autres fichiers nécessaires. Lorsque le routeur est démarré, la RAM copie le système d'exploitation sur cette mémoire.
Les ports physiques à communiquer varient en fonction du besoin et des connexions d'accès Internet disponibles. Un routeur professionnel permet à un administrateur de remplacer des composants, de meilleures interfaces ou de nouvelles interfaces. Généralement, une lumière LED est utilisée pour montrer que l'interface correspondante se communique. Dans un routeur professionnel, certaines interfaces sont Ethernet, Console, AUX, USB, POE, mais il peut avoir des machines à sous qui permettent à l'administrateur d'ajouter des cartes avec des interfaces supplémentaires.
• Ethernet – Les ports RJ-45 sont utilisés pour se connecter à des réseaux locaux pour accéder à Internet.
• Console – Un port de console qui permet une connexion directe à la machine pour l'administrateur configure les paramètres via la ligne de commande.
• AUX (Auxiliaire) – Port RJ-45 pour la gestion à distance.
• USB – port USB qui vous permet d'ajouter un espace de stockage supplémentaire.
• Power over Ethernet (POE) – Port RJ-45 qui vous permet d'envoyer de l'énergie à d'autres équipements sans avoir besoin d'être connecté à une source d'alimentation pour fonctionner.
SPANISH | ESPAÑOL
Qué es un enrutador de una red
Un enrutador es un dispositivo de una red informática que envía / recibe paquetes de datos con otros enrutadores de todo el mundo a través de Internet. Para que se realice esta comunicación, el enrutador debe haber conectado por lo menos dos cables de red. El enrutador recibe los datos a través de uno de los cables, procesa los datos para determinar su destino y luego envía los datos a través de la ruta más eficiente / más corta para llegar al destino o al siguiente enrutador. Cuanto mayor sea la distancia de destino de los datos, más routers los datos necesitan pasar, a veces a través de decenas de routers hasta que alcanza su destino final.
Un enrutador es una computadora, pero una computadora especial cuyo propósito es simplemente enviar datos para conectarse a redes remotas. Hay muchos tipos de enrutadores, y de muchas marcas, de un enrutador simple y barato a un hogar, a un enrutador profesional muy caro para un proveedor de servicios de Internet (ISP). Los precios pueden variar de USD $ 20 a USD $ 1000. Pero un enrutador tiene los mismos componentes que un ordenador portátil, una tableta o un smartphone, tales como:
• Unidad Central de Procesamiento (CPU)
• Sistema operativo (SO)
• Memoria (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash)
• Puertos físicos para comunicarse
La unidad de procesamiento central (CPU) es como una CPU de una computadora o tableta, pero su propósito es sólo para que la información de proceso lo remita al destino y procese los comandos de un administrador, debido a su uso 24 horas al día, también Necesita un disipador de calor para enfriar el procesador.
El sistema operativo (OS) no es tan complejo como un Microsoft Windows o MacOS, pero un enrutador también necesita un sistema operativo para iniciar la máquina, recibir y ejecutar los comandos y la configuración de un administrador.
La memoria del router consiste en memoria volátil (RAM) y memoria de sólo lectura (ROM). La memoria volátil requiere alimentación continua para almacenar la información, cuando se desactiva o restablece un enrutador, se borra esta memoria. La memoria de lectura (no volátil) se almacena y no se borra incluso cuando el enrutador se apaga o se reinicia. Un enrutador puede tener cuatro tipos de memoria: RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) – se utiliza para almacenar el sistema operativo, las aplicaciones y la configuración que se cargan cuando se inicia el enrutador. Se utiliza durante el arranque porque es un tipo muy rápido de memoria. Esta memoria también se utiliza para asignar direcciones MAC y almacenar temporalmente los paquetes que se van a reenviar.
• ROM (memoria de sólo lectura) – la memoria de lectura se utiliza para almacenar las instrucciones de iniciación de hardware y firmware.
• Memoria de acceso aleatorio no volátil (NVRAM) – se utiliza una memoria no volátil para guardar permanentemente el archivo de configuración del enrutador que tiene la configuración configurada por el administrador y se carga durante el arranque del enrutador.
• Flash – memoria utilizada para guardar permanentemente el sistema operativo, los archivos del sistema, los archivos de registro y otros archivos necesarios. Cuando se inicia el enrutador, la RAM copia el sistema operativo a esta memoria.
Los puertos físicos para comunicarse varían según la necesidad y las conexiones de acceso a Internet disponibles. Un router profesional permite a un administrador reemplazar componentes, con mejores interfaces o nuevas interfaces. Normalmente se utiliza una luz LED para mostrar que la interfaz correspondiente está comunicando. En un router profesional algunas interfaces son Ethernet, consola, AUX, USB, POE, pero puede tener ranuras que permite al administrador añadir tablas con interfaces adicionales.
• Ethernet – Los puertos RJ-45 se utilizan para conectarse a LAN para proporcionar acceso a Internet.
• Consola – puerto de consola que permite una conexión directa a la máquina para que el administrador configure los ajustes a través de la línea de comandos.
• AUX (auxiliar) – Puerto RJ-45 para la gestión remota.
• USB – Puerto USB que le permite añadir espacio de almacenamiento adicional.
• Power over Ethernet (POE) – Puerto RJ-45 que le permite enviar energía a otros equipos sin necesidad de conectarlos a una fuente de alimentación para poder trabajar.
GERMAN | DEUTSCHE
Was ist ein Router eines Netzwerks
Ein Router ist ein Gerät in einem Computernetzwerk, das Datenpakete mit anderen Routern auf der ganzen Welt über das Internet weiterleitet / empfängt. Für diese Kommunikation muss der Router mindestens zwei Netzwerkkabel angeschlossen haben. Der Router empfängt die Daten über eines der Kabel, verarbeitet die Daten, um sein Ziel zu bestimmen, und sendet dann die Daten über den effizientesten / kürzesten Weg, um das Ziel oder den nächsten Router zu erreichen. Je höher der Zielabstand der Daten ist, desto mehr Router müssen die Daten durchlaufen, manchmal durch Dutzende von Routern, bis sie ihr endgültiges Ziel erreichen.
Ein Router ist ein Computer, aber ein spezieller Computer, dessen Zweck es ist, Daten einfach weiterzuleiten, um eine Verbindung zu entfernten Netzwerken herzustellen. Es gibt viele Arten von Routern, und von vielen Marken, von einem einfachen und billigen Router zu einem Haus, zu einem sehr teuren professionellen Router für einen Internet Service Provider (ISP). Die Preise können von USD $ 20 bis USD $ 1000 reichen. Aber ein Router hat die gleichen Komponenten wie ein Laptop, Tablet oder Smartphone, wie zum Beispiel:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Betriebssystem (OS)
• Speicher (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash)
• Physische Ports zu kommunizieren
Die zentrale Verarbeitungseinheit (CPU) ist wie eine CPU eines Computers oder Tablets, aber ihr Ziel ist es, nur für Prozessinformationen zu übermitteln, um sie an die Ziel- und Prozessbefehle von einem Administrator zu übergeben, da es 24 Stunden am Tag ist Braucht einen Kühlkörper, um den Prozessor zu kühlen.
Betriebssystem (OS) ist nicht so komplex wie ein Microsoft Windows oder MacOS, aber ein Router benötigt auch ein Betriebssystem, um die Maschine zu starten, die Befehle und Einstellungen eines Administrators zu empfangen und auszuführen.
Der Speicher des Routers besteht aus flüchtigem Speicher (RAM) und Nur-Lese-Speicher (ROM). Der flüchtige Speicher erfordert eine kontinuierliche Stromversorgung, um die Information zu speichern, wenn ein Router ausgeschaltet oder zurückgesetzt wird, wird dieser Speicher gelöscht. Der gelesene (nicht flüchtige) Speicher wird gespeichert und wird auch dann nicht gelöscht, wenn der Router ausgeschaltet oder neu gestartet wird. Ein Router kann vier Arten von Speicher haben: RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) – Wird verwendet, um das Betriebssystem, Anwendungen und Einstellungen zu speichern, die geladen werden, wenn der Router gestartet wird. Wird während des Starts verwendet, weil es eine sehr schnelle Art von Speicher ist. Dieser Speicher wird auch verwendet, um MAC-Adressen zuzuordnen und die zu übertragenden Pakete vorübergehend zu puffern.
• ROM (Nur-Lese-Speicher) – Der Lesespeicher dient zum Speichern von Hardware- und Firmware-Initialisierungsanweisungen.
• Nicht-flüchtiger Speicher mit wahlfreiem Zugriff (NVRAM) – Ein nichtflüchtiger Speicher wird verwendet, um die Router-Einstellungsdatei dauerhaft zu speichern, bei der die Administratoreinstellungen konfiguriert sind und während der Inbetriebnahme des Routers geladen wird.
• Flash – Speicher zum dauerhaften Speichern des Betriebssystems, Dateien des Systems, Protokolldateien und andere notwendige Dateien. Wenn der Router gestartet wird, kopiert der RAM das Betriebssystem in diesen Speicher.
Physische Ports zur Kommunikation variieren je nach Bedarf und verfügbaren Internet-Zugangsverbindungen. Ein professioneller Router ermöglicht es einem Administrator, Komponenten zu ersetzen, mit besseren Schnittstellen oder neuen Schnittstellen. Typischerweise wird ein LED-Licht verwendet, um zu zeigen, dass die entsprechende Schnittstelle kommuniziert. In einem professionellen Router sind einige Schnittstellen Ethernet, Console, AUX, USB, POE, aber es kann auch Slots haben, die es dem Administrator ermöglichen, Boards mit zusätzlichen Schnittstellen hinzuzufügen.
• Ethernet – RJ-45-Ports, die für die Verbindung zu LANs verwendet werden, um den Zugriff auf das Internet zu ermöglichen.
• Konsole – Ein Konsolenport, der eine direkte Verbindung zum Gerät für den Administrator ermöglicht, konfigurieren die Einstellungen über die Befehlszeile.
• AUX (Auxiliary) – RJ-45-Port für die Fernverwaltung.
• USB – USB Port mit dem Sie zusätzlichen Speicherplatz hinzufügen können.
• Power over Ethernet (POE) – RJ-45-Port, mit dem Sie Strom an andere Geräte senden können, ohne dass sie an eine Stromquelle angeschlossen werden müssen, um zu arbeiten.
terça-feira, 26 de março de 2013
Tutorial: Cronometro em ActionScript 2.0
Neste tutorial em ActionScript 2.0 vou exemplificar como fazer um cronometro, um simples contador de tempo. Vou lhe dar a base de contagem de tempo e design para controlar o tempo. Depois para criar uma cronometro profissional só terá que despender um pouco mais de tempo para dar melhores retoques para aplicação que pretende criar.
Software: Adobe Flash
Código: ActionScript 2.0
Aplicação: Cronometro
Tipo de tutorial: Inicial
Tempo de tutorial: 25 minutos
Parte 1 - Código do tempo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XK7M4pqSu28
Parte 2 - Código e design de input
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34t28Pir0Gs
Software: Adobe Flash
Código: ActionScript 2.0
Aplicação: Cronometro
Tipo de tutorial: Inicial
Tempo de tutorial: 25 minutos
Parte 1 - Código do tempo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XK7M4pqSu28
Parte 2 - Código e design de input
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34t28Pir0Gs
quarta-feira, 9 de janeiro de 2013
The History of the Internet (1969-2012)
ARPANET
ROBERT WILLIAM TAYLOR, 1969
Internet pioneer Robert William Taylor moved from NASA to the Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1965. Taylor led the development of what has become known as the precursor of the Internet. Out of ARPA came ARPAnet, which was launched on October 29, 1969. High-technology company Bolt, Beranek and Newman helped build it. Still with us? What a surprise. In those days computers were extremely expensive, so connecting was much more cost efficient. In case you normally only read the back of food packages: Grandfather to the Internet. ARPAnet. Taylor. 1969. Next piece please.
RAY TOMLINSON, 1972
Computer engineer Ray Tomlinson worked for Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) as an ARPAnet contractor. ARPAnet – the forerunner of today’s Internet – made a large contribution to the development of electronic mail. Though e-mail is actually much older than ARPAnet, Tomlinson is credited for implementing the first Internet based e-mail system in 1971. He picked the @ sign to denote sending messages from one computer to another, which has been used in e-mail addresses ever since. Statistics in 2010 estimated the number of e-mails sent per day to be around 294 billion.
MUD1
ROY TRUBSHAW, RICHARD BARTLE, 1978
MUD (Multi-User Dungeon) was the first text-based fantasy game to support multiple users. This true grandfather of all MMORPG’s is the oldest virtual world in existence. It was created in 1978 by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle at Essex University. Players all over the world could interact with the first multiplayer game. The ultimate goal was reaching the Wizard level. The name MUD (referred to as MUD1) was chosen partly as a tribute to the Dungeon variant of Zork, which Trubshaw greatly enjoyed playing.
SPAM
GARY THUERK, 1978
The earliest documented spam went out on May 1978: an ad sent to 393 people on ARPAnet, the military computer network that preceded the Internet. Gary Thuerk, a marketer for the DEC blasted out his message to sell a new line of computers. E-mail spam was born. A decade later MAKE.MONEY.FAST. was one of the most persistent chain letters in existence. The original e-mail is attributed to "Dave Rhodes", who may or may not have existed. Today, roughly 130 billion spam e-mails are sent worldwide each day. *Cough – that’s one big pile of shit e-mail.
USENET
TOM TRUSCOTT, JIM ELLIS, 1979
Long before the World Wide Web was launched, Usenet was already connecting computers around the world. Two students, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis, came up with the idea of a network discussion system in 1979. It allowed users to read and post messages to one or more newsgroups. Usenet looked like a hybrid form of e-mail and Web forums. Nowadays, Usenet is considered to be the precursor of today’s Web forums. And if you want to find out what people were discussing in those days, just ask Google; they host an archive of Usenet posts dating back to May 1981.
EMOTICONS
SCOTT ELLIOT FAHLMAN, 1982
How can people distinguish serious posts from jokes? Computer scientist Scott Fahlman thought of this problem and is credited for using the first emoticon online in 1982. The word ‘emoticon’ is a portmanteau word of ‘emotion’ and ‘icon’. A portmanteau, in case you didn’t know, is a combination of two words into a new word ;-). Though Fahlman may have been the first to use it online, he was not the first ever emoticon user. A similar marker appeared in Reader’s Digest in 1967. Also, Abraham Lincoln used an emoticon in his speech in 1862. People are still debating whether this was just a typographical error.
AOL
WILLIAM VON MEISTER, JIM KIMSEY, STEVE CASE, 1983
In the 1980s America Online (AOL) was a small company that provided an online service for the Atari 2600. It also had plans for video-on-demand and an online music store. AOL was somewhat ahead of its time. Just before it went bankrupt, AOL started focusing its business on BBS, the pre-Internet Internet. AOL introduced an instant messaging service in 1989 that welcomed users with the popular phrase: “You've got mail!” In 1991 it helped the first Internet users go online with AOL software. At its peak, AOL had 30 million users worldwide and helped shape the Internet.
.GIF
STEVE WILHITE, 1987
GIF is short for Graphics Interchange Format. From a technical standpoint, the huge success of .gif (since its introduction in 1987) is a bit of a mystery. It only supports 256 colors; its compression is inefficient; it doesn’t support sound; the last specification was published more than twenty years ago. Yet it’s still thriving. The reason, of course, is convenience. On the Web, the GIF, and especially the animated GIF, is the only video format that runs everywhere, runs automatically, and loops.
IRC
JARKKO OIKARINEN, 1988
In August 1988 21-year-old Jarkko Oikarinen used his tech talents to create a chat program called IRC, or Internet Relay Chat. It was invented to support bulletin boards and discuss computer-related topics. But the first IRC users also enjoyed the social aspects of IRC chat and used it for personal stuff, sharing files and dating. However, IRC proved to be more than just a chat room and Trekkie dating service. During the Soviet coup and the Gulf War in 1991 it became the sole source of news for many users. Since that time, IRC has expanded to include several thousand networks and millions of chatters worldwide.
CHAT LINGO
COLLECTIVE IDEA, 1988
Btw, gr8 pic frm ur gf on msn, tlk 2 u l8r m8 lol. If you didn’t get that last sentence, then you probably never chatted online. With the rise of the Internet, online communications like texting, online chatting, instant messaging, e-mail, blogs, and newsgroup postings are flooded with these abbreviations. They make up a new jargon known as text-message shorthand. The reason a writer uses chat lingo, of course, is to save time. However, sometimes it takes the reader a lot longer to decipher it.
HTML
TIM BERNERS-LEE, 1990
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language and was invented by Tim Berners-Lee (a hero!) in 1990. This markup language is used to define the structure and layout of a Web page. In March 1989 CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee wrote a paper in which he describes a way for researchers to share and collaborate with information on the World Wide Web. This paper, entitled “Information Management: A Proposal”, is now considered to be the foundation of the World Wide Web. How smart is that?
WEBCAM
N/A, 1991
The popular use of video cameras on the World Wide Web gave the webcam its name. The first images ever taken by a webcam were of a coffee pot at Cambridge University in 1991. The footage can still be seen on its home page. Funny fact: the coffee pot is spoofed in the video game Hitman 2. The oldest webcam still in operation is FogCam at San Francisco University, which has been filming San Francisco’s famous fog (or lack of it) continuously since 1994.
SMARTPHONE
N/A, 1992
In a way the evolution of the smartphone started when Psion introduced the first organizer in 1984. These organizers started evolving into Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). Ah, memories. When you take a closer look at the more recent PDAs and smartphones, there isn’t that much difference. In 1992 IBM showcased the IBM Simon, the world’s first smartphone that was presented as a concept device. The first phone by Apple was ready to be launched in 2004, but the company cancelled the release. As Steve Wozniak put it: "It was not as mind-blowing as we wanted our products to be."
BANNERS
N/A, 1993
When Bruce Banner gets annoyed, he changes into the Hulk. A Web banner is the complete opposite: it is annoying and changes people into sheep. Having said that, we must admit that the Internet would not be the same if it weren't for banners. The first clickable Web ad was created in 1993 for a law firm. From that moment on, advertising banners made huge amounts of money for Web site owners. Every click on a banner usually generates about 5 to 10 cents. So now know you who pays for all that content you stare at every day. Except for this Web site; we are funded by love and pizza.
NETSCAPE
JIM CLARKE, MARC ANDREESSEN, 1994
Netscape was founded in 1994 by Jim Clarke with co-founder Marc Andreessen under the name Mosaic Communications Corporation. Andreessen had just graduated from university, where he had been the leader of a software project called “Mosaic”. Sounds familiar? The Web browser Mosaic Netscape 0.9 was the company’s first product and they renamed it later to Netscape Navigator. Netscape advertised that ‘the Net is for everyone’. We totally agree.
LYCOS
MICHAEL LOREN MAULDIN, 1994
University campuses are fertile grounds for Internet successes. Just like Facebook, search engine and Web portal Lycos was born in a university as a research project, devised by Michael Loren Mauldin. Conceived in the mid-90s, Lycos went through all the different phases of the turbulent Internet era. Hence the explosive growth after its launch, the huge take-over near the peak of the Internet bubble ($12 billion), and the more difficult times that inevitably came after the bubble burst. In 2010 Lycos was sold for $36 million to Internet marketing company Ybrant Digital.
SMART TV
N/A, 1994
‘Smart’ is the latest buzzword in technology these days: smartphone, smart charging, smart fridge, smart TV and, hopefully, smart clothes. Smart TVs integrate the Internet and Web 2.0 features into television sets and set-top boxes. As technology advances, smart TVs with their own operating systems will become as functional as computers. We reckon the next logical step will be adding even smarter features, such as voice-controlled full immersive virtual reality systems with 3D sound. We can’t wait to plug into heaven so just give us a headset.
MSN
MICROSOFT, 1995
Windows Live Messenger (formerly MSN Messenger) originated back in the days that anything Microsoft touched turned to gold. It started off as a very small experiment in 1995. MSN – or The Microsoft Network – was 'only' a tiny online service introduced at the launch of Windows 95. Thanks to its simple user interface (a text box with a few smilies and a video calling functionality) the instant messaging client became extremely popular. In 2012 Microsoft announced that it intends to retire MSN and replace it with Skype.
GEOCITIES
DAVID BOHNETT, JOHN REZNER, 1995
GeoCities was once a very popular Web-hosting service that was established in 1995. Founded by John Rezner and David Bohnett in 1994, it was originally known as the Beverly Hills Internet (BHI). Yahoo! purchased it in 1999, and by that time GeoCities was the third-most visited Web site on the Web. At first, people could select a city in which to place their Web site. For example, a site about entertainment was assigned to Hollywood. And a Web site about the world’s most gorgeous models was situated in Amsterdam. However, that might not actually be true. Although Yahoo! closed down GeoCities in 2009, users can still access some of the sites.
OPEN DIR
N/A, 1995
Discovering an open dir was like finding a wallet on the street: it piqued your curiosity and there was always a reward inside. Most of the time an open dir was a temporary version of a Web site that was down for maintenance. Instead of a work-in-progress announcement, a simple structure of folders displayed the content of the Web site. You could access any folder and easily download content. Particularly open directories with porn or music attracted a lot of attention. And if you couldn’t find an open dir, there were always dedicated blogs that published lists of open dir Web sites.
ALTAVISTA
PAUL FLAHERTY, LOUIS MONIER, MICHAEL BURROWS, JOELLA PAQUETTE, 1995
AltaVista was once one of the most popular web search engines and was owned by Yahoo! It was developed by researchers at DEC’s Network Systems Laboratory and Western Research Laboratory. The name literally means ‘a view from above’ and was chosen to reflect the surroundings of their company at Palo Alto (US). AltaVista was launched on December 15, 1995, at altavista.digital.com and was an immediate success. The search engine received 300,000 hits on the first day and more than 80 million hits a day two years later.
ICQ
YAIR GOLDFINGER, ARIK VARDI, SEFI VIGISER, AMNON AMIR, 1996
ICQ was the first free Internet-wide instant messaging service. Yair Goldfinger, Arik Vardi, Sefi Vigiser and Amnon Amir, four young programmers at the Israeli company Mirabilis wrote the program in less than two months without a budget. The first version was released in November 1996 and it soon revolutionized communication. Later ICQ became the basis for most instant messaging platforms. America Online (AOL) bought ICQ for $407 million in 1998. ICQ, shorthand for ‘I seek you’, is also an adaptation of the Morse code “CQ call”, which stands for ‘calling any station’.
FLASH
JONATHAN GAY, 1996
Adobe Flash (an abbreviation of its predecessor's name, FutureSplash) provides animation of text, drawings and still images, and also supports streaming audio and video. Some say it enriches their Web experience, while others find the extensive use of it, particularly in advertising, intrusive and annoying. Flash also made the transition to the big screen. The Secret of Kells, an Irish film, was animated primarily in Flash, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
JENNICAM
JENNIFER RINGLEY, 1996
In 1996 JenniCAM was the most talked-about site on the Internet. Twenty-year-old student Jennifer Ringley started her own personal webcam site. It all began as an "experiment"; Jennifer set up a camera, linked it to her computer in her college dorm room and broadcast her life over the Web, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week – live and, yes, uncensored. It attracted a huge amount of visitors. At one point she would get around 100 million hits a week. As one journalist put it: She was the inventor of reality television.
56K MODEM
BRENT TOWNSHEND, 1996
Canadian inventor Dr Brent Townshend created a core concept in 1996 that served as the basis for the 56k modem. This voiceband modem is nominally capable of download speeds of up to 56,000 bits per second. Initially there were two rival modem systems: K56flex and X2. In the late 1990s, 56k modems were the most popular access method for personal Internet usage. We just loved their hissing and beeping sounds. The sounds weren't a sign that data were being transferred: they were the actual data being transferred. The world was shifting from analog to digital and you could hear it.
WAP
WAP FORUM, 1997
Wireless Application Protocol, or WAP for short, was a popular type of mobile Internet access created in 1997. It is the result of a joint effort by companies teaming up in a group called WAP Forum. WAP could be used for Internet access, e-mail, instant messaging and more on mobile phones and other wireless devices. Nowadays WAP is, excusez-moi, dead. It has gone to meet its makers.
WI-FI
VIC HAYES, JOHN O’SULLIVAN, 1997
Wi-Fi, or 802.11 networks, is a technology that allows a device to exchange data using radio waves, just like cellphones and radio’s do. A Wi-Fi network - short for Wireless Fidelity - is relatively cheap and easy to set up. Devices that use Wi-Fi can connect to a network via a wireless network access point, also called “hot spots”. One of the key technologies behind Wi-Fi was developed by radio astronomer John O’Sullivan as a by-product in a research project to detect mini black-holes. That sounds rather cool, doesn’t it? Vic Hayes has been called the “father of Wi-Fi”, he chaired the IEEE committee that created the 802.11 network in 1997.
LARRY PAGE, SERGEY BRIN, 1997
PhD students Larry Page and Sergey Brin originally set up Google as a research program at Stanford University. They first met in March 1995 during spring orientation of new PhD candidates. Later they began collaborating on a search engine called BackRub. In 1997 Page and Brin gave the search engine a new name: Google. It was chosen for its resemblance to the word googol, a 1 followed by 100 zeros. Paying attention in the back? Today, Google Inc. is a multinational built around a mindboggling, huge search engine that includes cloud computing, software and advertising technologies.
BLOGGING
JORN BARGER, PETER MERHOLZ, 1997
After the invention of the HTTP protocol people started posting online diaries, chronicling their thoughts and day-to-day lives. Not long afterwards personal logs started to spread all over the Internet. Jorn Barger came up with the term “Web log” on December 17, 1997. Two years later Peter Merholz wrote the word “blog” as a joke on his Web log. Later, tiny personal blogs known as microblogs became extremely popular – the most popular being Twitter, of course. Most of the time blogging is free, with services like Blogger or Wordpress. It’s fun, fast and blogging can have a huge impact, even on governments.
NAPSTER
SHAWN FANNING, JOHN FANNING, SEAN PARKER, 1998
Napster has often been called the fastest-growing business in history. It was co-founded in 1998 by Shawn Fanning, his nephew John Fanning and Sean Parker as an independent peer-to-peer file-sharing service. Napster was named after Shawn Fanning’s nickname, which he got for his nappy hair under his baseball cap. Within a year the service had ten million users. Napster allowed them to easily share MP3 files with each other. In 1999 the company was sued by metal band Metallica for copyright violations. But because of the huge publicity, Napster grew even bigger. In 2011 Rhapsody acquired Napster and restructured it completely.
LIMEWIRE
MARK HOWARD GORTON, 2000
LimeWire is a free open-source program for downloading and sharing files through a p2p network. You probably used it a zillion times before a US federal court issued an injunction forcing LimeWire to prevent "the searching, downloading, uploading, file trading and/or file distribution functionality, and/or all functionality" of its software. With that, the judges successfully put an end to the downloading of illegal files on the Internet. Eh, hold a second...
CAPTCHA
LUIS VON AHN, MANUEL BLUM, NICHOLAS HOPPER, JOHN LANGFORD, 2000
Despite what some people think, a CAPTCHA is not intended to prevent hackers from cracking a Web site. It is a program that protects Web sites against automated bots. Humans can pass a CAPTCHA test, but current computers are unable to read the distorted text. The acronym CAPTCHA stands for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart. In the future computers may be smart enough to pass the Turing test. That way CAPTCHAs won’t outsmart them anymore. And when that happens…….run!
PBJT
RYAN GANCENIA ETRATA, KEVIN FLYNN, 2000
This dancing banana became a hit in the early 2000s. It’s an animated dancing banana character combined with the song Peanut Butter Jelly Time by the Buckwheat Boyz and is known for being both obnoxious and hilarious. The original Flash animation was created by Ryan Gancenia Etrata and Kevin Flynn, who posted it on forums in 2002. The meme was even referred to in an episode of the animated television series Family Guy. Brian Griffin, the anthropomorphic dog, dances and sings the song in a banana outfit. We just love that.
WIKIPEDIA
JIMMY WALES, LARRY SANGER, 2001
In 2001 Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger launched Wikipedia: a free online encyclopedia. What is unique about Wikipedia is that all the articles are open content; anyone can edit any article at any time. Every day about 100,000 volunteers help out to correct the spelling and grammar, check facts and sources, lay out articles and report vandalism and other fraudulent behavior. Wikipedia has collected more than 4,000,000 articles in English and over 19,000,000 more in over 285 languages. If the total content of Wikipedia were to be published in book form, you would need a bookshelf that can hold 5,542 volumes.
FRIENDSTER
JONATHAN ABRAMS, 2002
Founded in 2002 by Jonathan Abrams in Mountain View, California. *Ahem, it’s always in California, isn’t it? The bold idea behind Friendster was to create a safer, more effective environment for meeting new people and friends. Within a few months Friendster was rapidly adopted by three million users. At first it was a social networking Web site – it is even considered the “grandaddy” of all social networks as well as the very first online social network. In June 2011 the company repositioned itself to become a social gaming site.
SKYPE
AHTI HEINLA, PRIIT KASESALU, JAAN TALLINN, 2003
Skype is a 'Voice over Internet Protocol' (VoIP) service and software application. It sounds complicated, but it's not; it all comes down to you, a headset, a webcam, a computer, the Internet, stuff to talk about and, of course, someone to talk to. Skype allows you to send messages, share files and make phone calls with or without video. Free of charge! For the first time people can communicate like they do in science-fiction movies. Or as some have described Skype: it’s like chatting with sound.
MYSPACE
TOM ANDERSON, INTERMIX MEDIA, 2003
Until 2001 the domain myspace.com was actually a place to upload and download large files. In 2003 the domain was picked up by Tom Anderson at Intermix Media. The Web site is a social network, based on music. It meant a breakthrough for quite a lot of singers and bands including The Devil Wears Prada, Lily Allen and Kate Nash. In July 2005 Intermix Media sold the Web site to Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation for a stunning $580 million. Numbers began to drop and in 2011 Specific Media bought the Web site for $35 million. Justin Timberlake is one of the new owners who have big plans for the site. We are holding our breath to see if they can restore it to its former glory.
4CHAN
CHRISTOPHER POOLE, 2003
4chan was founded in 2003 by Christopher Poole and is a vastly popular image board. At that time Poole (known on the Web site as “moot”) was just fifteen years old. He intended 4chan to be a place to discuss Japanese comics, graphic novels and anime. At first glance 4chan could be mistaken for a simple bulletin board, but it is now linked to Internet activism and subcultures. The Web site proved the power to the people and its users are responsible for a large number of popular Internet memes. Nowadays 4chan.org is one of the most visited Web sites on the Internet.
SECOND LIFE
PHILIP ROSEDALE, 2003
There’s a place where you can find yourself chitchatting with a fancy lady on a steep cliff overlooking the sea. It’s called Second Life and, in some way, this virtual world is a big daydream. And a realistic dream too with gravity, housing, its own economy and currency: the Linden dollar. Second Life was launched on June 23, 2003, by Philip Rosedale and Linden Lab. In 2005 and 2006 Second Life began building a lot of media traction and large companies were almost desperate to become a part of this 3D world. However, things got a bit quiet around Second Life; it nevertheless managed to register 21.3 million accounts in 2010.
WORLD OF WARCRAFT
BLIZZARD ENTERTAINMENT, 2004
World of Warcraft (or WoW) is the fourth release in the Warcraft game series set in the Warcraft universe. The first one was Warcraft: Orcs and Humans which was released in 1994. Announcing the game in September 2001, the game was released on November 23, 2004: the tenth anniversary of the franchise. At this moment the world of Azeroth has an astounding ten million subscribers, peaking at twelve million in 2010, and is officially the most popular MMORPG – it even holds a Guinness World Record. Of course, a game this big has had its own episode on South Park and has its own wiki.
MARK ZUCKERBERG, EDUARDO SAVERIN, ANDREW MCCOLLUM, DUSTIN MOSKOVITZ, CHRIS HUGHES, SEAN PARKER, 2004
Facebook is a social network that was launched in 2004. Initially it served as a network for Harvard University students. Eventually Facebook became available, with a few exceptions, to the rest of the world. So unless you are living in Iran or China, you can use Facebook to upload photos, state your status and respond to other people’s posts or simply ‘Like’ them. These four ingredients are the basis of this highly-addictive social platform where you can follow your friends, colleagues, family and other acquaintances. The more the merrier. In theory, you could have 1 billion people be your friend.
GOOGLE MAPS
LARS RASMUSSEN, JENS RASMUSSEN, 2004
If you’re lost almost anywhere on the planet you’ll certainly find your way back with Google Maps. This Google service offers mapping technology and local business information. It first started as a C++ program designed by two Danish brothers Lars and Jens Rasmussen at the Sydney-based company “Where 2 technologies”. In 2004 the company was acquired by Google Inc. Google Maps was first announced on the Google Blog on February 25, 2005. There’s even a Google Moon and Mars, with imagery of the Moon and the planet Mars. Could come in handy one day.
LOLCATS
COLLECTIVE IDEA, 2005
Actually, the first person to make funny pictures of cats with a humorous caption was photographer Harry Pointer in the 1870s. As stated in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Internet Needs, "above all else users require funny pictures of cats" – even more than social networks, porn and fails. This is the insight LOLcats.com, a Web site full of funny pictures of cats with humorous captions, was built on. The text, by the way, is in a slang called “lolspeak” or “kitty pidgin” and is grammatically totally incorrect. LOLcats are posted on all sorts of blogs and forums, such as icanhas.cheezburger.com.
YOUTUBE
CHAD HURLEY, STEVE CHEN, JAWED KARIM, 2005
If you have never heard of YouTube, you either live under a rock or you simply hate videos. The video-sharing Web site was created by three former PayPal employees in 2005. Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim invented YouTube out of a garage in Menlo Park, California. It caught on almost immediately. In 2006 there were 100 million videos in YouTube’s searchable archive. YouTube is still immensely popular and most of the content is uploaded by individuals. Me at the zoo was the first video on YouTube and shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo.
JACK DORSEY, 2006
Jack Dorsey created social-networking/microblogging service Twitter. Entry-character limit is 140, which makes this a characteristic #tweet.
KEVIN SYSTROM, MICHEL “MIKE” KRIEGER, 2010
Simply put, Instagram is a free photo app and a social network. It was the brainchild of Kevin Systrom and Michel “Mike” Krieger; when it was launched in October 2010, very few people noticed. Pictures taken by the app look like they have had a cool vintage filter applied to it. On Instagram, you can also follow other users' photo streams. In 2012 Facebook acquired the photo-sharing program for approximately $1 billion. At the time Instagram only had 13 employees.
MINECRAFT
MARKUS ALEXEJ “NOTCH” PERSSON, 2011
Minecraft is an indie video game hit created by Markus Alexej (“Notch”) Persson officially released by Mojang on November 17, 2011. It’s an open-world adventure and building game: whatever you put your mind to, you can design and create it. In a way, Minecraft is the exact opposite of most games. It’s all about creating and destroying various types of blocks in a three-dimensional environment, instead of accomplishing something. This sandbox game is characterized by its stylized pixel artwork. However, looks aren’t everything. It’s the idea that really matters. My mother told me that.
NYAN CAT
CHRISTOPHER TORRES, SARAJ00N, 2011
Nyan Cat is an 8-bit animation combining a cat, a cherry Pop Tart and the song Nyanyanyanyanyanyanya. Originally the cat was named Pop Tart Cat and illustrator Christopher Torres made the original drawing. On April 5, 2011, YouTube user Saraj00n combined the cat animation with the song and posted it online. Currently the original video has had more than 85 million hits on YouTube. Why that many? Like all surrealistic comedy, Nyan Cat is something you either get or you don’t. Perhaps this is the secret behind this particular combination of a cat and a song that has captivated millions.
GANGNAM STYLE
PARK JAE-SANG, 2012
PSY, whose real name is Park Jae-Sang, has become a global sensation since Gangnam Style's release on July 15, 2012. The video clip pokes fun at the consumerism of Gangnam, an upmarket neighbourhood in Seoul, South Korea. On December 21, 2012, “Gangnam Style” (Korean: 강남스타일), reached more than a billion (!) views on YouTube. We bet all the ladies try to get a lasso around this guy now. The energetic Korean musician certainly has the perfect dance moves as though he’s riding on a horse. “Gangnam Style” holds the Guinness World Record for the most "liked" song ever on YouTube.
quarta-feira, 15 de setembro de 2010
Discos SSD
Os melhores discos SSD do mercado (Setembro/2010).
Os 12 melhores SSD das maiores marcas mundiais, com capacidades entre os 30 e 160 GB. O que é um SSD? Vantagens? Desvantagens?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtxIwx679Wk
http://videos.sapo.pt/ZpZtHC3JaSZGcWzzAF2S
Kingston SSDNow V Series 30GB
OCZ Onyx 32GB
Intel X25 40GB
Corsair Nova V64 64GB
Corsair Force F100 100GB
OCZ Vertex 2 100GB
Kingston SSDNow V+ Series 128GB
Corsair P 128 128GB
Patriot Torqx 128GB
Crucial RealSSD C300 128GB
Western Digital SiliconEdge Blue 128GB
Intel X25-M G3 160GB
Os 12 melhores SSD das maiores marcas mundiais, com capacidades entre os 30 e 160 GB. O que é um SSD? Vantagens? Desvantagens?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtxIwx679Wk
http://videos.sapo.pt/ZpZtHC3JaSZGcWzzAF2S
Kingston SSDNow V Series 30GB
OCZ Onyx 32GB
Intel X25 40GB
Corsair Nova V64 64GB
Corsair Force F100 100GB
OCZ Vertex 2 100GB
Kingston SSDNow V+ Series 128GB
Corsair P 128 128GB
Patriot Torqx 128GB
Crucial RealSSD C300 128GB
Western Digital SiliconEdge Blue 128GB
Intel X25-M G3 160GB
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