Microsoft Deployment Toolkit integration with Operating System Deployment

Microsoft Deployment Toolkit (MDT) is a free, fully supported download from Microsoft that adds via System Center Configuration Manager approximately 280 enhancements to Windows operating system (OS) deployments. Although it is not a technical requirement, it is commonly preferred by Configuration Manager administrators to utilize MDT when customizing, capturing, and deploying Windows operating systems by using Configuration Manager. In addition to integrating MDT with Configuration Manager, it is also often a preference by administrators to use an MDT Lite Touch (LTI) task sequence to create Windows reference images used in Configuration Manager.

When MDT is integrated with Configuration Manager, the MDT task sequence takes additional instructions from the MDT rules. In its most simple form, these settings are stored in a text file, CustomSettings.ini, but you also can choose to store the settings in a Microsoft SQL Server database, and run Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScripts), Windows PowerShell scripts, or call web services to dynamically determine the settings to use during an OS deployment. The MDT task sequences created within the Configuration Manager Administrator Console can utilize additional dynamically populated variables above and beyond those that are provided out of the box with Configuration Manager. These dynamic variables can help to further reduce the total number of task sequences required in Configuration Manager by optionally storing the dynamic settings outside of the task sequences themselves.

Integrating MDT into your Configuration Manager environment also makes possible the use of a capability called User Driven Installation (UDI). With UDI, you can provide end users or desktop support personnel with the means to interact with a number of OS deployment steps. Some exemples are naming the machine, choosing an organizational unit (OU), and choosing the applications to install. The UDI component comes included with a UDI Wizard Designer, as shown in Figure 4-1, which gives the administrator the ability to customize the interface presented during the installation of the OS.

Another benefit of MDT commonly preferred by Configuration Manager administrators is the ability to more easily create reference images through a build-and-capture task sequence created in the MDT Workbench. There are many customization tasks such as installing language packs which many administrators find easier to install in their core image through a task sequence created in the MDT Workbench, as opposed to a task sequence in Configuration Manager’s OSD capability. You can also use the same image for every type of OS deployment—Microsoft Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI), System Center 2012 R2 Virtual Machine Manager (SCVMM), MDT, System Center Configuration Manager, Windows Deployment Services (WDS), and more. MDT also supports a Suspend action through the use of an MDT script named LTISuspend.wsf that allows for reboots. LTISupend.wsf also provides a shortcut on the desktop that will resume the task sequence. This can be useful when you need to perform a manual installation or check the reference image before it’s automatically captured. The flexibility of using whichever methods you are most comfortable with is the primary reason administrators choose Configuration Manager as their OS deployment tool of choice.

If you do choose to integrate MDT into your Configuration Manager site, the minimum version of MDT that includes support for deploying a fresh installation of Windows 10 is MDT 2013 with Update 1. This version of MDT includes support for deploying operating systems running Windows 7 through Windows 10. As of this writing, MDT 2013 Update 2 is the latest released version available.

If you are currently running MDT 2012 Update 1 or higher, you can perform an in-place upgrade of your current MDT installation to MDT 2013 Update 1 or higher. If you are running a version released prior to MDT 2012 Update 1, you first must uninstall MDT and then install MDT 2013 Update 1 or Update 2. It is always recommended to back up your current MDT environment before attempting to upgrade.

Existing MDT task sequences that you’ve created in Configuration Manager 2012 are not modified during the MDT upgrade and should continue to function without any issue. After installing MDT 2013 Update 1 or higher, on the start menu of each machine that has the Configuration Manager Administrator console installed, run the Configure ConfigMgr Integration Wizard. This properly registers the new MDT components and extensions, and installs the updated MDT templates into the Configuration Manager Administrator Console.

You will also need to create a new MDT Toolkit Files package for use in any new Zero Touch Installation (ZTI) task sequences you will create following the MDT 2013 Update 1 or higher installation. You can utilize any previously created MDT Toolkit Files packages with your previously created task sequences, but any new task sequences must reference the updated MDT Toolkit Files package in order to support the new capabilities added to the newly installed version of MDT.

To learn more about the improvements in MDT 2013 Update 2, go to http://blogs.technet.com/b/msdeployment/archive/2015/12/22/mdt-2013-update-2-nowavailable.aspx


Source: Deploying Windows 10 Press Book

Windows 10 Operating System Deployment

With the development and much anticipated arrival of Windows 10, enterprises will need a comprehensive toolset to deploy the operating system to their end users. Using the Operating System Deployment feature—otherwise known as OSD—Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager provides the IT administrator with various methods to deploy Windows 10. OSD also provides organization-wide, end-to-end monitoring and troubleshooting insights throughout the process.

Overview of OSD and its capabilities for deploying an operating system (OS) within an enterprise environment. Understanding the foundational concepts and the components used for a Windows OS deployment is imperative for a successful installation.

It’s highly recommended that you test the OSD feature in a lab environment, disconnected from the production environment, and also during the development cycle of a task sequence to avoid mistaken deployments to critical systems.


The purpose of OSD

Using the OSD feature, you can configure an unattended or attended automated deployment process that is repeatable to many machines by using the existing Configuration Manager infrastructure. You can target an OS deployment to existing clients already managed or to unmanaged new computers that are unknown to the Configuration Manager environment. The following core areas historically have proven to be difficult barriers to overcome within environments of any size; OSD helps you to better cope with and mitigate these barriers:

• Content distribution: Windows OS images are typically large in size. The content management features and functionality provides a scalable solution for you to replicate the image contents to all hosting servers, and finally, to end-user computers, all while averting any disruptions to the WAN links.
• Scheduling or self-service: The administrator has the ability to control when the deployment of the OS will begin for enduser machines or provide users with the flexibility to carry out installation according to their scheduling needs. This can be set globally for all upgrade candidates or scheduled accordingly for individual requirements on machine resources in specific business units by way of grouping into collections and targeting via a deployment.
• Reporting, monitoring, and troubleshooting: Upgrading many devices is comparable to upgrading one device. With centralized reporting mechanisms, you can monitor and further drill an overall deployment status into specific system statuses to troubleshoot individual machine issues or issues affecting many machines. The timeto-resolution is greatly reduced when the resolution has been identified.

OSD terminology

The core concepts of OSD contain many terms that you should be familiar with when planning an OSD strategy. The following table provides definitions for these terms:

• Image: File-based replica of a hard drive. Supports Windows Imaging Format (WIM) file format.
• Target computer: The computer on which you install a Microsoft Windows OS image.
• Reference computer: Fully configured computer from which you generate the WIM file.
• Source computer: Existing computer that is managed by Configuration Manager. It contains the user state data and settings that will be migrated to a new destination computer.
• Destination computer: Computer that will receive the user state data and settings that are migrated from a source computer.
• Sysprep: Windows system preparation tool that facilitates image creation on reference computers running Windows operating systems.
• User State Migration Tool (USMT): Utility used to collect and restore system, application, and user data.
• Windows Preinstallation Environment (WinPE): Preinstallation environment used in OS deployment.
• PXE: Preboot Execution Environment (WinPE).
• Windows Imaging Format (WIM file): A file containing an operating system/data image.

Source: Deploying Windows 10 Press Book

Why install Microsoft Windows 10

The world is being rapidly transformed with big trends such as the cloud, big data, and social media. These are all technology transformation accelerator agents that will change the business world forever. Mobility is also an important transformation accelerator agent in the evolution of the technology as a whole. Because of the growth of mobility, work is no longer a place, but a compilation of experiences that follows us through various devices, applications, and data.

Most professionals—and not just IT professionals—are working physically from two or three different locations. This concept extends to devices, apps, and Big Data. You probably work from two or three different devices, not including your personal devices. You might use four or five or more apps to perform your work activities on a daily basis.

The future is about more than the mobility of the device; the mobility of the experience will be an important factor to the technology industry. Windows 10 will help you to take advantage of these trends and be ready for the challenges ahead.

When it comes to mobility and operating systems and devices, the main concerns for most enterprises focus on security, user application accessibility, and the problems of having big complex deployments. Windows 10 attempts to address all of these valid concerns by providing a familiar and productive experience, regardless of the device type. For enterprises, one platform means using one management paradigm and security model across all devices.

Windows universal apps run on all Windows-based device types (or they can be limited to specific devices). Windows universal apps make it possible for the user interface (UI) to scale seamlessly from phone to tablet and beyond.


What is new in Windows 10:

The Welcome experience
The Windows 10 experience is designed to be as simple as possible. The Welcome experience, or the out-of-box experience (OOBE), helps you to understand the different steps you need to perform when starting a Windows device for the first time.

User interface
After 17 years of the Windows Start menu, Microsoft introduced the Start screen in Windows 8, which was the first menu designed for both touch and nontouch devices. The user interface (UI) was easy to use for touch devices, but some users missed the small Startup menu when using a keyboard and mouse.

Switching between PC mode and Tablet mode
You can switch easily between Desktop and Tablet modes in the Action Center. For example, if you are in Desktop mode and want to switch to Tablet mode, on the taskbar, click the Action Center button, and then click Tablet Mode. While in Desktop mode, the user experience is optimized for use with a keyboard and mouse. This does not mean that you cannot use touch gestures if your device supports it, but it is optimized for interacting by using a mouse and keyboard. In Tablet mode, the user experience dynamically changes to be a more touch-friendly one, including the taskbar. You can still use a mouse and keyboard, but the layout is optimized for touch-based interaction.

Virtual desktops
Windows 10 adds support for using virtual desktops so that you can keep your open apps better organized. For example, you can begin using a personal app for a personal event such as birthday party plans, create a second virtual desktop that contains the required app or apps to work on the birthday plans, and use yet another virtual desktop for your work-related activities.

Snap
Windows 7 introduced a feature called Snap, which you can use to “snap” apps to the side, top, or bottom of a window. Windows 10 includes enhancements to Snap that make it even easier to manipulate the layout of opened windows on the desktop. Snap Assist opens when two or more apps are snapped to help you find the opened apps on your system.
Using Snap Assist, you can display apps side by side when you snap an app to the left or right. Snap Assist displays thumbnails of your other open app. Tap or click one of the thumbnails to snap it to the other half of the screen.

Cortana
Cortana is the Microsoft digital assistant; it uses the Bing engine in the background to help you to quickly and easily carry out searches and locate the information you want. Cortana was first introduced on Windows Phone devices and now is officially part of the new Windows operating systems.
Cortana is assuming control of many operating system (OS) search features, such as searching the local device for files, utilities, or applications, searches on OneDrive accounts, or even on your local network. You access Cortana on the taskbar, and you can manage it via either natural voice queries or by text.
When accessing Cortana through a voice command, no touch is required. It is just a matter of saying “Hey Cortana” to get started. You can speak your command without looking at your device, making it possible to get what you need without taking your eyes off the task in front of you.

Startup changes
Imaging Format (WIM) is a way to start the OS in a configuration for which the payload of files resides within a compressed file. It is useful for imaging devices with limited storage support, such as low-cost tablets.
Windows 10 includes tools to help you use less drive space. The Compact OS feature facilitates the reuse of the compression support from WIM. As a result, Compact OS offers comparable performance and resource usage to that of WIM while supporting the ability to service individual objects as needed without losing space. Compact OS is supported on both UEFI-based and BIOS-based devices.
Unlike WIM Boot, because the files are no longer combined into a single WIM file, Windows Update can replace or remove individual files as needed to help maintain the drive footprint size over time.

Microsoft Edge
Computing has changed and user expectations have changed, too. Browsers can no longer support only PCs and mobile devices. Today, we need web browsers for all kinds of devices, such as Xbox consoles, Surface Hub, HoloLens, wearables, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
The newest browser from Microsoft, Microsoft Edge, addresses modern standards such as HTML5, SVG, ES5, ES6, and CSS3. Microsoft Edge provides a clean interface with easy-to-configure settings. In addition, Internet Explorer 11 is still supported for backward compatibility and interoperability to maintain support for many existing applications. Using Internet Explorer might still be necessary when using legacy applications that use ActiveX controls, VBScript, and Browser Helper Objects. It is possible to set an Enterprise Site list to be opened by Internet Explorer 11 when using the Enterprise Mode Site List tool and Group Policy Objects (GPOs).

Security
Online security presents many challenges. With password theft being an ongoing problem, password security continues to be at the top of the list of those challenges. According to an article published by the BBC (http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28654613), it is estimated that hackers have stolen more than 1.2 billion user names and passwords across the globe.
Enterprises continue to educate users on the need for password security and to establish and enforce password policies. Basic safeguards such as using unique passwords need to be encouraged. For example, if you use the same user name and password on all your websites, and one website is compromised, it is likely that all your websites will be compromised.
Pass the Hash (PtH) is a hacking technique by which an attacker can authenticate to a remote server or service by using the Windows NT LAN Manager (NTLM) authentication protocol or LanMan hash of a user password. A typical PtH attack starts with one end point being compromised by malware, which then manages to gain administrator-level access. With this access, the malware can steal the user’s derived credentials and impersonate the user on other devices. As the attacker moves laterally across the network and finds additional devices to which the user has access, the malware can steal the derived credentials from other users who previously signed in to those devices.
Over time, an attacker can typically gain access to more and more derived credentials that have increased levels of network access. Eventually, it is likely that domain administrator accounts can be compromised, and then the consequences can be even worse.
Here are the Microsoft features that address password and PtH attacks in Windows 10:
- Microsoft Passport
- Windows Hello
- Isolated User Mode

The Windows 10 upgrade process
The first question that always comes after a new OS release is “Why upgrade?” This section addresses this question and also describes the upgrade process and its improvements in Windows 10.
Despite all the logistics and costs involved when upgrading to a new OS, using the wipe-and-load method, enterprises previously had to develop their own methods to upgrade their operating systems because there was no control or predictability provided by the upgrade process. Now that releases are continuously rolling out instead of arriving in somewhat predictable cycles every two or three years, enterprises demand a continuous flow of productivity in their businesses. But, rolling upgrades cannot hamper productivity.
Microsoft developed a meaningful in-place upgrade process internally with Microsoft IT that has become the deployment method offered to all customers, including enterprises and consumers.
In Windows 10, the recommended deployment is the in-place upgrade for the existing devices, such as Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 8.1. Windows 10 does all of the work for you by preserving all data, settings, applications, drivers, and so on. The other methods, such as wipe-and-load provisioning, are still there.
There are four primary phases within the OS upgrade process from the architecture perspective: Down Level, Windows Recovery Environment, First Boot, and Second Boot. Chapter 2 contains detailed descriptions for each of these phases.

Source: Deploying Windows 10 Press Book

UEFI versus BIOS

UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is a standard firmware interface for personal computers. It was designed to replace BIOS (basic input/output system). BIOS has been the PC firmware standard for decades, but with the recent advancements in computer hardware, the stage is being set to remediate its shortcomings with the UEFI standard. More than 140 technology companies participate in the Unified EFI Forum, including Microsoft. New devices being shipped with Windows 10 must have UEFI firmware by default and Secure Boot technology turned on. Regardless of this requirement, legacy BIOS systems will still function with Windows 10 installed.

Some of the limitations of BIOS are as follows:

• 16-bit
• 1 MB address space
• Slow performance on ROM startup
• Master Boot Record (MBR) maximum bootable disk size of 2.2 TB

The advantages of UEFI over BIOS are the following:

• Security features such as Secure Boot and encrypted drives that prevent malware from running before the OS is loaded
• Faster startup and resume times
• Support for drives larger than 2.2 TB as well as drives with more than four partitions
• Support for modern, 64-bit firmware device drivers that the system can use to address more than 17.2 billion GB of memory during startup
• Backward compatibility to use BIOS with UEFI hardware, although Secure Boot must be turned off
• Support for multicast image deployments

Many current computers have the capability to use a BIOS or UEFI firmware mode—switching between one and the other is a fairly simple task. However, there are items to take into consideration with regard to OS deployment and changing existing systems that are on BIOS mode to UEFI mode:

• Changing from BIOS to UEFI requires changing the MBR/NTFS to GPT/FAT32 and NTFS. This translates to reinstalling the OS. This would be the equivalent to a wipe-and-load deployment.
• Ensure that the startup option you select matches the setting you want to have. It is common for old machines to have several startup options for BIOS but only a few for UEFI, or vice versa.
• When deploying from media, the media must be FAT32 for UEFI, and FAT32 has a file-size limitation of 4 GB.
• UEFI does not support cross-platform startup, you will need to have the correct startup media (32 or 64-bit).
• For UEFI-based PCs that support both UEFI and legacy BIOS modes, WinPE needs to be started in the correct mode in order to correctly install Windows. For more information, see WinPE: Boot in UEFI or legacy BIOS mode.

Source: Deploying Windows 10 Press Book

Evolution and History of Video Game Consoles 1976-2017

Related articles: PlayStation 5 specs • Xbox Series X specs • Playstation VR • PS5 vs Xbox X • PS4 vs Xbox One • Evolution of Game Consoles 

1976 – Fairchild Channel F
CPU Fairchild F8 | 128x64

1977 – Atari 2600
CPU MOS Technology 6507 @ 1.19MHz 8-bit | 128 bytes RAM |

1978 – Magnavox Odyssey 2
CPU Intel 8048 | 64 bytes RAM, 1024 bytes ROM | 160x200

1980 – Intellivision
CPU GI CP1610 | 524 bytes RAM | 40x24

1982 – ColecoVision
CPU Zilog Z80 | Storage 32 kB

1982 – Atari 5200
CPU MOS 6502C @ 1.79MHz

1983 – Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) / Famicom
CPU Ricoh 2A03 8-bit | 2 kB RAM | 256x240

1985 – Sega Master System / Sega Mark III
CPU Zilog Z80 @ 4 MHz | 8 kB RAM, 16KB VRAM | 256×192

1986 – Atari 7800
CPU Atari SALLY 6502 @ 1.8MHz | 4 kB RAM | 320×240

1987 – Atari XEGS
CPU MOS Technology 6502C | 64 kB RAM | 384x240

1987 – TurboGrafx-16 / PC Engine
CPU Hudson Soft HuC6280 | 256 kB SRAM | 565×242

1988 – Sega Mega Drive / Sega Genesis
CPU Motorola 68000 @ 7.6 MHz, Zilog Z80 @ 3.58 MHz | 72 kB RAM | 320x240

1990 – Super Nintendo Entertainment System (Super NES) / Super Famicom
CPU Ricoh 5A22 @ 3.58 MHz

1991 – Neo Geo System
CPU Motorola 68000 @ 12MHz, Zilog Z80A @ 4MHz | 64 kB RAM, 84 kB VRAM | 320×224

1993 – FM Towns Marty
CPU AMD 386SX 16MHz @ 32-bit | 2 MB RAM | 640x480

1993 – Atari Jaguar
CPU Motorola 68000 @ 16MHz 64-bit | 2 MB RAM

1993 – 3DO Interactive Multiplayer
CPU ARM60 12.5MHz @ 32-bit | 2 MB RAM | 32KB SDRAM Storage

1994 – PC-FX
CPU NEC V810 @ 21.5MHz 32-bit | 2 MB RAM | 256x240

1994 – Sega 32X
CPU 2xSH-2 @ 23MHz 32-bit | 256 kB RAM, 256 kB VRAM | 320×240

1994 – Sega Saturn
CPU 2×Hitachi SH-2 @ 28.6 MHz | 16 MB RAM | 704×224

1994 – Sony PlayStation
CPU R3000 @ 33.8MHz | 2 MB RAM, 1 MB VRAM | 640×480

1995 – Nintendo Virtual Boy
CPU NEC V810

1996 – Nintendo 64
CPU NEC VR4300 @ 93.75 MHz 64-bit | 4 MB RDRAM | 64 MB Storage

1998 – Sega Dreamcast
CPU Hitachi SH-4 32-bit RISC @ 200 MHz | 16 MB RAM | 640 × 480

2000 – Sony PlayStation 2
CPU Emotion Engine @ 300 MHz | 32 MB RDRAM | 480 x 480 | Storage 40 GB |

2001 – Nintendo GameCube
CPU IBM PowerPC Gekko @ 486 MHz

2001 – Microsoft Xbox
CPU Intel Pentium 3 @ 733 MHz | 64 MB DDR SDRAM | nVidia NV2A

2005 – Microsoft Xbox 360
CPU PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon @ 3.2 GHz | 512 MB GDDR3 RAM | ATI Xenos 500 MHz

2006 – Sony PlayStation 3
CPU Cell Broadband Engine @ 3.2 GHz | 256 MB XDR DRAM | NVIDIA/SCEI RSX 550 MHz

2006 – Nintendo Wii
CPU IBM PowerPC @ 729 MHz | ATI Hollywood 243 MHz

2011 – Nintendo 3DS
CPU ARM11 Dual-Core @ 268MHz, ARM9 single-core | 128 MB FCRAM, 6 MB VRAM | 800×240

2011 – Sony PlayStation Vita
CPU ARM Cortex-A9 Quad-core | 512 MB RAM, 128 MB VRAM | 960x544

2012 – Nintendo Wii U
CPU Tri-Core IBM PowerPC Espresso @ 1.24 GHz | 2 GB DDR3 RAM | AMD Radeon Latte 550 MHz

2013 – Sony PlayStation 4
CPU AMD Jaguar 8-core @ 1.6 GHz | 8 GB GDDR5 RAM | AMD GCN Radeon

2013 – Microsoft Xbox One
CPU AMD Jaguar 8-core @ 2.3 GHz | 5 GB DDR3 RAM | AMD Radeon GCN 1.172 GHz

2016 – Microsoft Xbox One S
CPU AMD 2 quad-core Jaguar @ 1.75 GHz | 8 GB DDR3 RAM | AMD Radeon GCN 914 MHz

2017 – Microsoft Xbox One X
CPU AMD 2 quad-core Evolved @ 2.3 GHz | 12 GB GDDR5 RAM | AMD Radeon GCN 1.172 GHz

2020 – Microsoft Xbox Series X
?

2020 – Sony PlayStation 5
?

Amazon Key is a service that lets couriers unlock your door for delivery

What is Amazon Key
The service “Amazon Key” is part of the “Amazon Cloud Cam” that is a security system for your home, the Amazon Key will unlock the smart lock on your front door when the Amazon courier scans the barcode of your package at your front door. This way, the courier can put the package inside and close the door, leaving the package secured inside your home. After de door is closed and the courier checks that the package was sucessuful delivered, and you will receive a notification on your smartphone and a short clip of the video of the delivery, leaving with a peace of mind about the consequences of letting a stranger enter your home, even if was just for a few seconds.

Price of Amazon Key
The bundle includes a smart lock, one camera and the installation by the technician, for US $249.99. There will not be any additional charge in the future for the service or monthly fees, unless you want to add more cameras or locks. But you can buy this parts on your own and do your own instalation.

Problems of Amazon Key
There are a few concerns about this new service, because you don’t know what type of person will enter your house or just open the door, even he don't steal anything in that moment, he could just pay attentions of the things you have inside your house and could come back to rob your home in another day. About animals, your dog may not understand who is that person and attack him, or your pet can just run outside when the courier opens the door. If you have an alarm system, when the courier opens the door, he will trigger the alarm or the silent alarm because the Amazon key will not disable your alarm for the courier. The problems may vary.

All Nobel Prizes Awarded 1901–2017

The Nobel Prize in Physics
2017 – Rainer Weiss, Barry C. Barish and Kip S. Thorne
2016 – David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz
2015 – Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald
2014 – Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura
2013 – François Englert and Peter W. Higgs
2012 – Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland
2011 – Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess
2010 – Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov
2009 – Charles Kuen Kao, Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith
2008 – Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa
2007 – Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg
2006 – John C. Mather and George F. Smoot
2005 – Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch
2004 – David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek
2003 – Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett
2002 – Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi
2001 – Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman
2000 – Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby
1999 – Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman
1998 – Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui
1997 – Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips
1996 – David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson
1995 – Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines
1994 – Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull
1993 – Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1992 – Georges Charpak
1991 – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1990 – Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor
1989 – Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul
1988 – Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger
1987 – J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller
1986 – Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
1985 – Klaus von Klitzing
1984 – Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer
1983 – Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler
1982 – Kenneth G. Wilson
1981 – Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn
1980 – James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch
1979 – Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg
1978 – Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson
1977 – Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck van Vleck
1976 – Burton Richter and Samuel Chao Chung Ting
1975 – Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson and Leo James Rainwater
1974 – Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish
1973 – Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson
1972 – John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer
1971 – Dennis Gabor
1970 – Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, Louis Eugène Félix Néel
1969 – Murray Gell-Mann
1968 – Luis Walter Alvarez
1967 – Hans Albrecht Bethe
1966 – Alfred Kastler
1965 – Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman
1964 – Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov
1963 – Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen
1962 – Lev Davidovich Landau
1961 – Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer
1960 – Donald Arthur Glaser
1959 – Emilio Gino Segrè and Owen Chamberlain
1958 – Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm
1957 – Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee
1956 – William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain
1955 – Willis Eugene Lamb, Polykarp Kusch
1954 – Max Born, Walther Bothe
1953 – Frits Zernike
1952 – Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell
1951 – Sir John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton
1950 – Cecil Frank Powell
1949 – Hideki Yukawa
1948 – Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
1947 – Sir Edward Victor Appleton
1946 – Percy Williams Bridgman
1945 – Wolfgang Pauli
1944 – Isidor Isaac Rabi
1943 – Otto Stern
1942 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1941 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1940 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1939 – Ernest Orlando Lawrence
1938 – Enrico Fermi
1937 – Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson
1936 – Victor Franz Hess, Carl David Anderson
1935 – James Chadwick
1934 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1933 – Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
1932 – Werner Karl Heisenberg
1931 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1930 – Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
1929 – Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie
1928 – Owen Willans Richardson
1927 – Arthur Holly Compton, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
1926 – Jean Baptiste Perrin
1925 – James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz
1924 – Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn
1923 – Robert Andrews Millikan
1922 – Niels Henrik David Bohr
1921 – Albert Einstein
1920 – Charles Edouard Guillaume
1919 – Johannes Stark
1918 – Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
1917 – Charles Glover Barkla
1916 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1915 – Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
1914 – Max von Laue
1913 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1912 – Nils Gustaf Dalén
1911 – Wilhelm Wien
1910 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1909 – Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun
1908 – Gabriel Lippmann
1907 – Albert Abraham Michelson
1906 – Joseph John Thomson
1905 – Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard
1904 – Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt)
1903 – Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, née Sklodowska
1902 – Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman
1901 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen


The Nobel Prize in Literature
2017 – Kazuo Ishiguro
2016 – Bob Dylan
2015 – Svetlana Alexievich
2014 – Patrick Modiano
2013 – Alice Munro
2012 – Mo Yan
2011 – Tomas Tranströmer
2010 – Mario Vargas Llosa
2009 – Herta Müller
2008 – Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
2007 – Doris Lessing
2006 – Orhan Pamuk
2005 – Harold Pinter
2004 – Elfriede Jelinek
2003 – John M. Coetzee
2002 – Imre Kertész
2001 – Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul
2000 – Gao Xingjian
1999 – Günter Grass
1998 – José Saramago
1997 – Dario Fo
1996 – Wislawa Szymborska
1995 – Seamus Heaney
1994 – Kenzaburo Oe
1993 – Toni Morrison
1992 – Derek Walcott
1991 – Nadine Gordimer
1990 – Octavio Paz
1989 – Camilo José Cela
1988 – Naguib Mahfouz
1987 – Joseph Brodsky
1986 – Wole Soyinka
1985 – Claude Simon
1984 – Jaroslav Seifert
1983 – William Golding
1982 – Gabriel García Márquez
1981 – Elias Canetti
1980 – Czeslaw Milosz
1979 – Odysseus Elytis
1978 – Isaac Bashevis Singer
1977 – Vicente Aleixandre
1976 – Saul Bellow
1975 – Eugenio Montale
1974 – Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson
1973 – Patrick White
1972 – Heinrich Böll
1971 – Pablo Neruda
1970 – Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn
1969 – Samuel Beckett
1968 – Yasunari Kawabata
1967 – Miguel Angel Asturias
1966 – Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Nelly Sachs
1965 – Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
1964 – Jean-Paul Sartre
1963 – Giorgos Seferis
1962 – John Steinbeck
1961 – Ivo Andric
1960 – Saint-John Perse
1959 – Salvatore Quasimodo
1958 – Boris Leonidovich Pasternak
1957 – Albert Camus
1956 – Juan Ramón Jiménez
1955 – Halldór Kiljan Laxness
1954 – Ernest Miller Hemingway
1953 – Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
1952 – François Mauriac
1951 – Pär Fabian Lagerkvist
1950 – Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell
1949 – William Faulkner
1948 – Thomas Stearns Eliot
1947 – André Paul Guillaume Gide
1946 – Hermann Hesse
1945 – Gabriela Mistral
1944 – Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
1943 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1942 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1941 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1940 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1939 – Frans Eemil Sillanpää
1938 – Pearl Buck
1937 – Roger Martin du Gard
1936 – Eugene Gladstone O'Neill
1935 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1934 – Luigi Pirandello
1933 – Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin
1932 – John Galsworthy
1931 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt
1930 – Sinclair Lewis
1929 – Thomas Mann
1928 – Sigrid Undset
1927 – Henri Bergson
1926 – Grazia Deledda
1925 – George Bernard Shaw
1924 – Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont
1923 – William Butler Yeats
1922 – Jacinto Benavente
1921 – Anatole France
1920 – Knut Pedersen Hamsun
1919 – Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler
1918 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1917 – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan
1916 – Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam
1915 – Romain Rolland
1914 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1913 – Rabindranath Tagore
1912 – Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann
1911 – Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck
1910 – Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse
1909 – Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf
1908 – Rudolf Christoph Eucken
1907 – Rudyard Kipling
1906 – Giosuè Carducci
1905 – Henryk Sienkiewicz
1904 – Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray y Eizaguirre
1903 – Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson
1902 – Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen
1901 – Sully Prudhomme


The Nobel Peace Prize
2017 – International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)
2016 – Juan Manuel Santos
2015 – National Dialogue Quartet
2014 – Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai
2013 – Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
2012 – European Union (EU)
2011 – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman
2010 – Liu Xiaobo
2009 – Barack H. Obama
2008 – Martti Ahtisaari
2007 – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.
2006 – Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank
2005 – International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei
2004 – Wangari Muta Maathai
2003 – Shirin Ebadi
2002 – Jimmy Carter
2001 – United Nations (U.N.) and Kofi Annan
2000 – Kim Dae-jung
1999 – Médecins Sans Frontières
1998 – John Hume and David Trimble
1997 – International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and Jody Williams
1996 – Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta
1995 – Joseph Rotblat and Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1994 – Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin
1993 – Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de Klerk
1992 – Rigoberta Menchú Tum
1991 – Aung San Suu Kyi
1990 – Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
1989 – The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso)
1988 – United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
1987 – Oscar Arias Sánchez
1986 – Elie Wiesel
1985 – International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1984 – Desmond Mpilo Tutu
1983 – Lech Walesa
1982 – Alva Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles
1981 – Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
1980 – Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1979 – Mother Teresa
1978 – Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin
1977 – Amnesty International
1976 – Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan
1975 – Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
1974 – Seán MacBride, Eisaku Sato
1973 – Henry A. Kissinger, Le Duc Tho
1972 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1971 – Willy Brandt
1970 – Norman E. Borlaug
1969 – International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)
1968 – René Cassin
1967 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1966 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1965 – United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
1964 – Martin Luther King Jr.
1963 – Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross), Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross Societies)
1962 – Linus Carl Pauling
1961 – Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld
1960 – Albert John Lutuli
1959 – Philip J. Noel-Baker
1958 – Georges Pire
1957 – Lester Bowles Pearson
1956 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1955 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1954 – Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
1953 – George Catlett Marshall
1952 – Albert Schweitzer
1951 – Léon Jouhaux
1950 – Ralph Bunche
1949 – Lord (John) Boyd Orr of Brechin
1948 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1947 – Friends Service Council (The Quakers), American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers)
1946 – Emily Greene Balch, John Raleigh Mott
1945 – Cordell Hull
1944 – Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)
1943 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1942 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1941 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1940 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1939 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1938 – Office international Nansen pour les Réfugiés (Nansen International Office for Refugees)
1937 – Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil)
1936 – Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1935 – Carl von Ossietzky
1934 – Arthur Henderson
1933 – Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane)
1932 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1931 – Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler
1930 – Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom
1929 – Frank Billings Kellogg
1928 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1927 – Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde
1926 – Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann
1925 – Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles Gates Dawes
1924 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1923 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1922 – Fridtjof Nansen
1921 – Karl Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lous Lange
1920 – Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois
1919 – Thomas Woodrow Wilson
1918 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1917 – Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)
1916 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1915 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1914 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1913 – Henri La Fontaine
1912 – Elihu Root
1911 – Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Alfred Hermann Fried
1910 – Bureau international permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau)
1909 – Auguste Marie François Beernaert, Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque
1908 – Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer
1907 – Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault
1906 – Theodore Roosevelt
1905 – Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau
1904 – Institut de droit international (Institute of International Law)
1903 – William Randal Cremer
1902 – Élie Ducommun, Charles Albert Gobat
1901 – Jean Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy


The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2017 – Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson
2016 – Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa
2015 – Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar
2014 – Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner
2013 – Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel
2012 – Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka
2011 – Dan Shechtman
2010 – Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki
2009 – Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath
2008 – Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien
2007 – Gerhard Ertl
2006 – Roger D. Kornberg
2005 – Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock
2004 – Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose
2003 – Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon
2002 – John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich
2001 – William S. Knowles and Ryoji Noyori, K. Barry Sharpless
2000 – Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa
1999 – Ahmed H. Zewail
1998 – Walter Kohn, John A. Pople
1997 – Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou
1996 – Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto and Richard E. Smalley
1995 – Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland
1994 – George A. Olah
1993 – Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith
1992 – Rudolph A. Marcus
1991 – Richard R. Ernst
1990 – Elias James Corey
1989 – Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech
1988 – Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel
1987 – Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen
1986 – Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee and John C. Polanyi
1985 – Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle
1984 – Robert Bruce Merrifield
1983 – Henry Taube
1982 – Aaron Klug
1981 – Kenichi Fukui and Roald Hoffmann
1980 – Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger
1979 – Herbert C. Brown and Georg Wittig
1978 – Peter D. Mitchell
1977 – Ilya Prigogine
1976 – William N. Lipscomb
1975 – John Warcup Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog
1974 – Paul J. Flory
1973 – Ernst Otto Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson
1972 – Christian B. Anfinsen, Stanford Moore and William H. Stein
1971 – Gerhard Herzberg
1970 – Luis F. Leloir
1969 – Derek H. R. Barton and Odd Hassel
1968 – Lars Onsager
1967 – Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and George Porter
1966 – Robert S. Mulliken
1965 – Robert Burns Woodward
1964 – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
1963 – Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta
1962 – Max Ferdinand Perutz and John Cowdery Kendrew
1961 – Melvin Calvin
1960 – Willard Frank Libby
1959 – Jaroslav Heyrovsky
1958 – Frederick Sanger
1957 – Lord (Alexander R.) Todd
1956 – Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood and Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov
1955 – Vincent du Vigneaud
1954 – Linus Carl Pauling
1953 – Hermann Staudinger
1952 – Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge
1951 – Edwin Mattison McMillan and Glenn Theodore Seaborg
1950 – Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder
1949 – William Francis Giauque
1948 – Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
1947 – Sir Robert Robinson
1946 – James Batcheller Sumner, John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley
1945 – Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
1944 – Otto Hahn
1943 – George de Hevesy
1942 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1941 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1940 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1939 – Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka
1938 – Richard Kuhn
1937 – Walter Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer
1936 – Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye
1935 – Frédéric Joliot and Irène Joliot-Curie
1934 – Harold Clayton Urey
1933 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1932 – Irving Langmuir
1931 – Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius
1930 – Hans Fischer
1929 – Arthur Harden and Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
1928 – Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
1927 – Heinrich Otto Wieland
1926 – The (Theodor) Svedberg
1925 – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
1924 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1923 – Fritz Pregl
1922 – Francis William Aston
1921 – Frederick Soddy
1920 – Walther Hermann Nernst
1919 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1918 – Fritz Haber
1917 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1916 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1915 – Richard Martin Willstätter
1914 – Theodore William Richards
1913 – Alfred Werner
1912 – Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier
1911 – Marie Curie, née Sklodowska
1910 – Otto Wallach
1909 – Wilhelm Ostwald
1908 – Ernest Rutherford
1907 – Eduard Buchner
1906 – Henri Moissan
1905 – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer
1904 – Sir William Ramsay
1903 – Svante August Arrhenius
1902 – Hermann Emil Fischer
1901 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2017 – Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young
2016 – Yoshinori Ohsumi
2015 – William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura, Youyou Tu
2014 – John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser
2013 – James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof
2012 – Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka
2011 – Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann, Ralph M. Steinman
2010 – Robert G. Edwards
2009 – Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak
2008 – Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier
2007 – Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies
2006 – Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello
2005 – Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren
2004 – Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck
2003 – Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield
2002 – Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston
2001 – Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir Paul M. Nurse
2000 – Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric R. Kandel
1999 – Günter Blobel
1998 – Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad
1997 – Stanley B. Prusiner
1996 – Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1995 – Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus
1994 – Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell
1993 – Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp
1992 – Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs
1991 – Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann
1990 – Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas
1989 – J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus
1988 – Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings
1987 – Susumu Tonegawa
1986 – Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini
1985 – Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein
1984 – Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler and César Milstein
1983 – Barbara McClintock
1982 – Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane
1981 – Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel
1980 – Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George D. Snell
1979 – Allan M. Cormack and Godfrey N. Hounsfield
1978 – Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith
1977 – Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow
1976 – Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek
1975 – David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Martin Temin
1974 – Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and George E. Palade
1973 – Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen
1972 – Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter
1971 – Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
1970 – Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod
1969 – Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E. Luria
1968 – Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg
1967 – Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline and George Wald
1966 – Peyton Rous, Charles Brenton Huggins
1965 – François Jacob, André Lwoff and Jacques Monod
1964 – Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen
1963 – Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley
1962 – Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
1961 – Georg von Békésy
1960 – Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Brian Medawar
1959 – Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg
1958 – George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg
1957 – Daniel Bovet
1956 – André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards
1955 – Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
1954 – John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller and Frederick Chapman Robbins
1953 – Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Albert Lipmann
1952 – Selman Abraham Waksman
1951 – Max Theiler
1950 – Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein and Philip Showalter Hench
1949 – Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
1948 – Paul Hermann Müller
1947 – Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, Bernardo Alberto Houssay
1946 – Hermann Joseph Muller
1945 – Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter Florey
1944 – Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser
1943 – Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy
1942 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1941 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1940 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1939 – Gerhard Domagk
1938 – Corneille Jean François Heymans
1937 – Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt
1936 – Sir Henry Hallett Dale and Otto Loewi
1935 – Hans Spemann
1934 – George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot and William Parry Murphy
1933 – Thomas Hunt Morgan
1932 – Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and Edgar Douglas Adrian
1931 – Otto Heinrich Warburg
1930 – Karl Landsteiner
1929 – Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1928 – Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
1927 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1926 – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
1925 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1924 – Willem Einthoven
1923 – Frederick Grant Banting and John James Rickard Macleod
1922 – Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Fritz Meyerhof
1921 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1920 – Schack August Steenberg Krogh
1919 – Jules Bordet
1918 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1917 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1916 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1915 – No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1914 – Robert Bárány
1913 – Charles Robert Richet
1912 – Alexis Carrel
1911 – Allvar Gullstrand
1910 – Albrecht Kossel
1909 – Emil Theodor Kocher
1908 – Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich
1907 – Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
1906 – Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1905 – Robert Koch
1904 – Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
1903 – Niels Ryberg Finsen
1902 – Ronald Ross
1901 – Emil Adolf von Behring


The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
2017 – Richard H. Thaler
2016 – Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström
2015 – Angus Deaton
2014 – Jean Tirole
2013 – Eugene F. Fama, Lars Peter Hansen and Robert J. Shiller
2012 – Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley
2011 – Thomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims
2010 – Peter A. Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides
2009 – Elinor Ostrom, Oliver E. Williamson
2008 – Paul Krugman
2007 – Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin and Roger B. Myerson
2006 – Edmund S. Phelps
2005 – Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling
2004 – Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott
2003 – Robert F. Engle III, Clive W.J. Granger
2002 – Daniel Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith
2001 – George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence and Joseph E. Stiglitz
2000 – James J. Heckman, Daniel L. McFadden
1999 – Robert A. Mundell
1998 – Amartya Sen
1997 – Robert C. Merton and Myron S. Scholes
1996 – James A. Mirrlees and William Vickrey
1995 – Robert E. Lucas Jr.
1994 – John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr. and Reinhard Selten
1993 – Robert W. Fogel and Douglass C. North
1992 – Gary S. Becker
1991 – Ronald H. Coase
1990 – Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller and William F. Sharpe
1989 – Trygve Haavelmo
1988 – Maurice Allais
1987 – Robert M. Solow
1986 – James M. Buchanan Jr.
1985 – Franco Modigliani
1984 – Richard Stone
1983 – Gerard Debreu
1982 – George J. Stigler
1981 – James Tobin
1980 – Lawrence R. Klein
1979 – Theodore W. Schultz and Sir Arthur Lewis
1978 – Herbert A. Simon
1977 – Bertil Ohlin and James E. Meade
1976 – Milton Friedman
1975 – Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich and Tjalling C. Koopmans
1974 – Gunnar Myrdal and Friedrich August von Hayek
1973 – Wassily Leontief
1972 – John R. Hicks and Kenneth J. Arrow
1971 – Simon Kuznets
1970 – Paul A. Samuelson
1969 – Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen

All about Halloween and a guide to do a good Halloween

When is Halloween?
October 31. The last day of October.


What is Halloween?
Halloween is the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows' Day (also known as All Saints' or Hallowmas) on 1 November and All Souls' Day on 2 November, thus giving the holiday on 31 October the full name of All Hallows' Eve (meaning the evening before All Hallows' Day).


Why do we celebrate Halloween?
Straddling the line between fall and winter, plenty and paucity, life and death, Halloween is a time of celebration and superstition. It is thought to have originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off roaming ghosts.


How did Halloween start and why?
The history of Halloween - how it all started. Halloween began as the festival of Samhain. It was part of the ancient Celtic religion in Britain and other parts of Europe. At the end of summer, the Celts thought the barrier between our world and the world of ghosts and spirits got really thin.


When wast the first Halloween?
Ancient Origins of Halloween. Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1.


How is it Halloween celebrated?
Many Americans celebrate the traditions of Halloween by dressing in costumes and telling tales of witches and ghosts. Pumpkins are carved into glowering jack-o'-lanterns. Children parade from house to house, knocking on doors and calling out "Trick or treat!" hoping to have their bags filled with candy.


What does trick or treat mean?
A children's custom of calling at houses at Halloween with the threat of pranks if they are not given a small gift (often used as a greeting by children doing this).


What time does trick or treating start?
Here is when to flip on the porch light or take your kids out for Halloween trick-or-treating on Oct. 31. As more trick-or-treat times are determined, we will update this list. What time does trick-or-treating start? Indianapolis and the surrounding communities start trick-or-treating for Halloween between 5 and 6 p.m.


How old is too old to trick or treat?
FiveThirtyEight and Survey Monkey found that more than half of people who celebrate Halloween think kids should stop going door-to-door at some point between ages 12 and 15. Also—Bathurst city council, take note—people generally agree that trick-or-treating should start at 6 p.m. and end at 9 p.m.


What should I be for Halloween?
The most commons disguises are the current super-heroes or characters on a current movie, or characters that people really like.


What are the most common decorations used on Halloween?
Stickers, Picture frames, Curtains, Candrles, Pumpkins, Bones, Spider webs, Fog machine, Scary Sounds.

Sources: www.history.com, www.bbc.co.uk, https://en.wikipedia.org, http://www.americaslibrary.gov, https://www.indystar.com, http://www.newsweek.com

All James Bond 007 Movies, Actors and Stories (1962 – 2021)

Sean Connery | 1962 – 1983

Dr. No (1962) | trailer

James Bond (007) is Britain's top agent and is on an exciting mission, to solve the mysterious murder of a fellow agent. The task sends him to Jamaica, where he joins forces with Quarrel and a loyal CIA agent, Felix Leiter. While dodging tarantulas, "fire breathing dragons" and a trio of assassins, known as the three blind mice. Bond meets up with the beautiful Honey Ryder and goes face to face with the evil Dr. No. Written by simon_hrdng

From Russia with Love (1963) | trailer

James Bond 007 is on the search for a Russian decoding machine, known as Lektor. Bond needs to find this machine, before the evil SPECTRE organization discovers it first. Whilst being romantically linked with Russian girl, Tatiana Romanova, Bond sneaks his way around Istanbul, whilst each SPECTRE agent tries to pick him off, including the over powering Donald 'Red' Grant and ex-KGB agent Rosa Klebb who knows all the tricks in the books and even possesses an incredible poison tipped shoe! Written by simon_hrdng

Goldfinger (1964) | trailer

Bond is back and his next mission takes him to Fort Knox, where Auric Goldfinger and his henchman are planning to raid Fort Knox and obliterate the world economy. To save the world once again, Bond will need to become friends with Goldfinger, dodge killer hats and avoid Goldfinger's personal pilot, the sexy Pussy Galore. She might not have feelings for Bond, but will 007 help her change her mind? Written by simon_hrdng

Thunderball (1965) | trailer

James Bond continues on his fourth mission, with his aim to recover two stolen warheads. They have been taken by the evil SPECTRE organization. The world is held hostage and Bond heads to Nassau. Here, he meets the beautiful Domino and is forced into a thrilling confrontation with SPECTRE agent Emilio Largo, on board his boat, the Disco Volante. Will 007 prevent the killing of millions of innocent victims? Written by simon_hrdng

You Only Live Twice (1967) | trailer

When an American space capsule is swallowed up by what they believe to be a Russian spaceship, World War 3 nearly breaks out. The British Government, however, suspect that other powers are at work as the space craft went down near Japan. S.P.E.C.T.R.E. is the force behind the theft, as James Bond discovers, but its motives are far from clear, and he must first find out where the captured space capsule is held before America and Russia initiate another world war. Written by Graeme Roy

Diamonds Are Forever (1971) | trailer

James Bond's mission is to find out who has been smuggling diamonds, which are not re-appearing. He adopts another identity in the form of Peter Franks. He joins up with Tiffany Case, and acts as if he is smuggling the diamonds, but everyone is hungry for these diamonds. He also has to avoid Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd, the dangerous couple who do not leave anyone in their way. Ernst Stavro Blofeld isn't out of the question. He may have changed his looks, but is he linked with the heist? And if he is, can Bond finally defeat his ultimate enemy. Written by simon

Never Say Never Again (1983) | trailer

SPECTRE agents under the command of Ernst Blofeld infiltrate a US air force base situated in the UK and steal two Tomahawk cruise missiles. When NATO is held to ransom, the British reactive their "00" agents and send James Bond to recapture the warheads and kill Blofeld. Written by Dave Jenkins

George Lazenby | 1969

On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) | trailer

George Lazenby steps into the role of James Bond and is sent on his first mission. For help with Draco, he must become very close friends with his daughter, Tracy, and heads off to hunt down Ernst Stavro Blofeld one more time. This takes him to Switzerland, where he must pose as Sir Hilary Bray to find out the secret plan of Blofeld. The facility is covered with Blofeld's guards as well as his hench-woman, Irma Bunt. What has Blofeld got in mind this time? Can Bond keep up this act for much longer? Are ANY Bond girls safe? Written by simon

Roger Moore | 1973 – 1985

Live and Let Die (1973) | trailer

Several British agents have been murdered and James Bond is sent to New Orleans, to investigate these mysterious deaths. Mr. Big comes to his knowledge, who is self-producing heroin. Along his journeys he meets Tee Hee who has a claw for a hand, Baron Samedi the voodoo master and Solitaire a tarot card reader. Bond must travel to New Orleans, and deep into the Bayou. Written by simon

The Man with the Golden Gun (1974) | trailer

Scaramanga is a hit-man who charges a million dollars per job. He becomes linked to the death of a scientist working on a powerful solar cell, and James Bond is called in to investigate. As he tracks down Scaramanga, he realises that he is highly respected by the killer, but will this prove to be an advantage in the final showdown? Written by Graeme Roy

The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) | trailer

James Bond is back again and his new mission is to find out how a Royal Navy Polaris submarine holding sixteen nuclear warheads simply disappears whilst on patrol. Bond joins Major Anya Amasova and takes on a a web-handed mastermind, known as Karl Stromberg, as well as his henchman Jaws, who has a mouthful of metal teeth. Bond must track down the location of the missing submarine before the warheads are fired. Written by simon

Moonraker (1979) | trailer

James Bond is back for another mission and this time, he is blasting off into space. A spaceship traveling through space is mysteriously hi-jacked and Bond must work quickly to find out who was behind it all. He starts with the rockets creators, Drax Industries and the man behind the organisation, Hugo Drax. On his journey he ends up meeting Dr. Holly Goodhead and encounters the metal-toothed Jaws once again. Written by simon

For Your Eyes Only (1981) | trailer

After disposing of a familiar looking face, Bond is sent to recover a communication device, known as an ATAC, which went down with a British Spy ship as it sunk. Bond must hurry though, as the Russians are also out for this device. On his travels, he also meets Melina Havelock, whose parents were brutally murdered. Bond also encounters both Aristotle Kristatos and Milos Colombo. Each of them are accusing the other of having links with with the Russian's. Bond must team up with Melina, solve who the true ally is and find the ATAC before it's too late. Written by simon

Octopussy (1983) | trailer

James Bond's next mission sends him to the circus. A British agent was murdered and found holding onto a priceless Faberge egg. Kamal Kahn buys the egg at an auction, but Bond becomes suspicious when Kahn meets up with Russian General, Orlov. Bond soon finds out that Kahn's and Orlov's plan is to blow a nuclear device in an American Air Force Base. Bond teams up with a circus group, which are headed by the beautiful Octopussy, who is also close friend of Kahn. Will Bond be quick enough, before World War III begins? Written by simon

A View to a Kill (1985) | trailer

James Bond has one more mission. Bond returns from his travels in the USSR with a computer chip. This chip is capable of withstanding a nuclear electromagnetic pulse that would otherwise destroy a normal chip. The chip was created by Zorin Industries, and Bond heads off to investigate its owner, Max Zorin. Zorin may only seem like a innocent guilty man, but is really planning to set off an earthquake in San Andreas which will wipe out all of Silicon Valley. As well as Zorin, Bond must also tackle May Day and equally menacing companion of Zorin, whilst dragging Stacy Sutton along for the ride. Written by simon

Timothy Dalton | 1987 – 1989

The Living Daylights (1987) | trailer

James Bond 007's mission is to firstly, organise the defection of a top Soviet general. When the general is re-captured, Bond heads off to find why an ally of General Koskov was sent to murder him. Bond's mission continues to take him to Afghanistan, where he must confront an arms dealer known as Brad Whitaker. Everything eventually reveals its self to Bond. Written by simon

Licence to Kill (1989) | trailer

James Bond is on possibly his most brutal mission yet. Bond's good friend, Felix Leiter, is left near death, by drug baron Franz Sanchez. Bond sets off on the hunt for Sanchez, but not everyone is happy. MI6 does not feel Sanchez is their problem and strips Bond of his license to kill making Bond more dangerous than ever. Bond gains the aid of one of Leiter's friends, known as Pam Bouvier and sneaks his way into the drug factories, which Sanchez owns. Will Bond be able to keep his identity secret, or will Sanchez see Bond's true intentions? Written by simon

Pierce Brosnan | 1995 – 2002

GoldenEye (1995) | trailer

When a deadly satellite weapon system falls into the wrong hands, only Agent 007 can save the world from certain disaster. Armed with his license to kill, Bond races to Russia in search of the stolen access codes for "Goldeneye," an awesome space weapon that can fire a devastating electromagnetic pulse toward Earth. But 007 is up against an enemy who anticipates his every move: a mastermind motivated by years of simmering hatred. Bond also squares off against Xenia Onatopp, an assassin who uses pleasure as her ultimate weapon. Written by Robert Lynch

Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) | trailer

Agent James Bond 007 is on a mission which includes a media tycoon, his former lover and a Chinese agent. Elliot Carver wants to complete his global media empire, but in order for this to work, he must achieve broadcasting rights in China. Carver wants to start up World War III by starting a confrontation over British and Chinese waters. Bond gains the help of Wai Lin on his quest to stop him, but how will Bond feel when he meets up with his former lover, who is now Carver's wife. Written by simon

The World Is Not Enough (1999) | trailer

James Bond is back. An oil tycoon is murdered in MI6 and Bond is sent to protect his daughter. Renard, who has a bullet lodged in his brain from a previous agent, is secretly planning the destruction of a pipeline. Bond gains a hand from a research scientist, Dr. Christmas Jones who witnesses the action which happens when Bond meets up with Renard, but Bond becomes suspicious about Elektra King, especially when Bond's boss, M goes missing. Bond must work quickly to prevent Renard from destroying Europe. Written by simon

Die Another Day (2002) | trailer

Pierce Brosnan gives one last mission as James Bond. Starting off in North Korea, Bond is betrayed and captured. 14 months later, Bond is set free, but traded for Zao who was captured by MI6. When back in his world, Bond sets off to track down Zao. Bond gets caught up in yet another scheme which sends him to millionaire Gustav Graves. Another MI6 agent known as Miranda Frost is also posing as a friend of Graves. Bond is invited to a presentation held by Graves about a satellite found in space which can project a huge laser beam. Bond must stop this madman with a fellow American agent, known as Jinx. Whilst Bond tries to stop Graves and Zao, will he finally reveal who betrayed him? Written by simon

Daniel Craig | 2006 – 2021

Casino Royale (2006) | trailer

James Bond goes on his first ever mission as a 00. Le Chiffre is a banker to the world's terrorists. He is participating in a poker game at Montenegro, where he must win back his money, in order to stay safe among the terrorist market. The boss of MI6, known simply as M sends Bond, along with Vesper Lynd to attend this game and prevent Le Chiffre from winning. Bond, using help from Felix Leiter, Mathis and having Vesper pose as his partner, enters the most important poker game in his already dangerous career. But if Bond defeats Le Chiffre, will he and Vesper Lynd remain safe? Written by simon

Quantum of Solace (2008) | trailer

Is there solace in revenge? Bond and "M" sniff a shadowy international network of power and corruption reaping billions. As Bond pursues the agents of an assassination attempt on "M," all roads lead to Dominic Greene, a world-renowned developer of green technology. Greene, a nasty piece of work, is intent on securing a barren area of Bolivia in exchange for assisting a strongman stage a coup there. The CIA looks the other way, and only Bond, with help from a retired spy and from a mysterious beauty, stands in Greene's way. "M" wonders if she can trust Bond, or if vengeance possesses him. Beyond that, can anyone drawn to Bond live to tell the tale? Written by

Skyfall (2012) | trailer

When Bond's latest assignment goes gravely wrong and agents around the world are exposed, MI6 is attacked forcing M to relocate the agency. These events cause her authority and position to be challenged by Gareth Mallory (Ralph Fiennes), the new Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee. With MI6 now compromised from both inside and out, M is left with one ally she can trust: Bond. 007 takes to the shadows - aided only by field agent, Eve (Naomie Harris) - following a trail to the mysterious Silva (Javier Bardem), whose lethal and hidden motives have yet to reveal themselves. Written by JoaoBond

Spectre (2015) | trailer

A cryptic message from the past sends James Bond on a rogue mission to Mexico City and eventually Rome, where he meets Lucia, the beautiful and forbidden widow of an infamous criminal. Bond infiltrates a secret meeting and uncovers the existence of the sinister organisation known as SPECTRE. Meanwhile back in London, Max Denbigh, the new head of the Centre of National Security, questions Bond's actions and challenges the relevance of MI6 led by M. Bond covertly enlists Moneypenny and Q to help him seek out Madeleine Swann, the daughter of his old nemesis Mr White, who may hold the clue to untangling the web of SPECTRE. As the daughter of the assassin, she understands Bond in a way most others cannot. As Bond ventures towards the heart of SPECTRE, he learns a chilling connection between himself and the enemy he seeks.


No Time to Die (2021) | trailer

Bond has left active service and is enjoying a tranquil life in Jamaica. His peace is short-lived when his old friend Felix Leiter from the CIA turns up asking for help. The mission to rescue a kidnapped scientist turns out to be far more treacherous than expected, leading Bond onto the trail of a mysterious villain armed with dangerous new technology.

Elon Musk – História | Visão | Empresas / History | Vision | Companies

Elon Musk – História | Visão | Empresas (PORTUGUESE | PORTUGUÊS)
Elon Musk – History | Vision | Companies (ENGLISH)
Elon Musk – Histoire | Vision | Entreprises (FRENCH | FRANÇAIS)
Elon Musk – Historia | Visión | Compañías (SPANISH | ESPAÑOL)
Elon Musk – Geschichte | Vision Firmen (GERMAN | DEUTSCHE)
Elon Musk – Storia | Visione | Aziende (ITALIAN | ITALIANO)
艾伦·穆斯克 – 历史|愿景|公司 (CHINESE | 中文)
Элон Муск – История | Видение | Компании (RUSSIAN | РУССКИЙ)

Elon Musk – História | Visão | Empresas

Sobre Elon Musk
Elon Musk (Elon Reeve Musk) nasceu a 28 de junho de 1971, na cidade de Pretoria na África do Sul, é um Inventor, Engenheiro, Investidor, Produtor e Ator. Mas os seus feitos e fortuna é especialmente relativa ás suas empresas SpaceX e Tesla Inc. Ao longo da sua carreira criou algumas empresas revolucionárias e extremamente lucrativas, que fazem dele uma das pessoas mais respeitavas do mundo e considerado um revolucionário da humanidade e da Terra.

A Visão de Elon Musk
 Elon Musk tem como sua visão conseguir mudar o mundo e a humanidade, tendo como objetivo reduzir o aquecimento global através da utilização de energias renováveis, criando sistemas sustentáveis, e eliminar por completo a utilização de combustíveis fósseis. Para isso criou a empresa Tesla Motors, que produz carros que funcionam completamente com energia elétrica. Painéis solares produzidos também pela sua empresa SolarCity que é especializada no desenvolvimento de sistemas de painéis solares que captam a energia do sol, transformando-a em eletricidade e armazenando-a para mais tarde ser utilizada. Estes sistemas de painéis solares são atualmente utilizados nos telhados de casas, mas o seu desenvolvimento continua e no futuro será uma tecnologia mais móvel. Com a empresa SpaceX, um outro objetivo de Elon Musk, que poderá revolucionar a maneira como a humanidade vive, são as viagens espaciais e interplanetárias estabelecendo uma colónia humana em Marte. Isso parece ser uma realidade ainda com longe de acontecer, mas Elon Musk continua a criar empresas e desenvolver ideias em várias áreas que poderão ser muito positivas para a humanidade.

Empresas de Elon Musk
1995 ― Zip2 ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2
Em 1995, Elon Musk e o seu irmão criaram a empresa, uma empresa de desenvolvimento de software, onde teve contratos com o jornal The New York Times e Chicago Tribune, dois dos mais jornais na altura. A empresa custou US $ 28,000 e foi vendida à Compaq por US $ 307 milhões em que Elon Musk recebeu US $ 22 milhões na venda.

1999 ― X.com ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com
Em 1999, Elon Musk co-fundou a empresa X.com, uma empresa que especializada em pagamentos de serviços financeiros e pagamentos on-line.

2000 ― PayPal ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal
Em 2000, a fusão da empresa X.com e a Confinity, deu resultado à empresa PayPal. Uma empresa focada principalmente na transferência e pagamentos por uma moeda virtual, sem um banco centralizado, os clientes podiam fazer compras e pagamentos de produtos com esta nova moeda. Uma empresa que revolucionou a maneira como a humanidade compra produtos utilizando a internet. Nesse ao Elon Musk foi expulso de CEO da empresa devido a o rumo que pretendia dar à empresa não ir de acordo com os outros lideres da empresa. Em 2002 a eBay comprou a PayPal por US $ 1,5 mil milhões, em que Elon Musk recebeu US $ 165 milhões pela venda.

2001 ― SpaceX ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX
Em 2001, Elon Musk e a ideia de “Oasis de Marte”, um projeto que tinha como objetivo a conceção de uma estufa experimental para testar se o conceito de seres humanos conseguirem viver em Marte. O seu objetivo com a empresa é a exploração espacial e viagens interplanetárias. Estando neste momento ainda a anos de distância de isso acontecer, a empresa vive um momento muito rentável visto que o desenvolvimento dos seus foguetões reutilizáveis tem conseguido em 2006 o seu primeiro contrato de US $ 1.6 mil milhões com a NASA para transporte de carga para a Estação Espacial Internacional, e desde aí tem regularmente conseguido o mesmo tipo de contratos porque são a única empresa privada capaz.

2003 ― Tesla ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.
Em 2003, Elon Musk criou a empresa Tesla, Inc. A empresa tinha como objetivo criar automóveis que a funcionar completamente com a energia elétrica. Entre 2003 e 2008 foi um processo de criação da administração da empresa, procura de investidores, recrutamento e planeamento. Em 2008 quando todos os fatores estavam favoráveis para isso, a empresa criou o primeiro carro desportivo elétrico, o Tesla Roadster. Desde aí as vendas continuam a crescer e a empresa continua a criar novos modelos com maior autonomia e melhor qualidade. Os carros completamente elétricos da Tesla revolucionou o mercado automóvel, levando todas as outras marcas a seguir o mesmo rumo e a apostar nos carros elétricos.

2006 ― SolarCity ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity
Em 2006, Elon Musk foi co-fundador da empresa SolarCity, uma empresa que tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento e produção de painéis solares e sistemas de armazenamento de energia elétrica para o aumento do desenvolvimento de energias sustentáveis. Sendo a SolarCity o segundo maior fornecedor de sistemas de energia solar nos Estados Unidos da América. Em 2016 a Tesla fez uma oferta para adquirir a SolarCiry para incorporar nos serviços da empresa.

2013 ― Hyperloop ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop
Em 2013, Elon Musk revela o conceito de um sistema de transporte de alta velocidade através de cápsulas que seriam deslocadas através de túneis. Este tipo de transporte tem como objetivo reduzir facilitar o transporte nas grandes áreas metropolitanas, e criar ligações mais rápidas de longa distância entre cidades. Em 2015, Elon Musk lançou um concurso para estudantes para desenvolver um sistema de hyperloop com o objetivo que jovens inovadores possam desenvolver um sistema que agrade a Elon Musk. Em 2017, Elon Musk anunciou obter aprovação do governo para construir um sistema de hyperloop entre a cidade de New York e Washington D.C, mas vários órgãos de transportes negam a existência de tal aprovação.

2015 ― OpenAI ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI
Em 2015, Elon Musk anunciou a criação da empresa OpenAI (Open Artificial Intelligence), que é uma empresa com o objetivo de pesquisa de inteligência artificial e desenvolvimento de sistemas inteligência artificial que possam beneficiar a humanidade, de tal forma, que esta empresa não tem fins lucrativos e a sua pesquisa é partilhada publicamente.

2016 ― Neuralink ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink
Em 2016, Elon Musk co-fundou a empresa Neuralink, uma empresa especializada em neurociência com objetivo de integrar o cérebro humano com inteligência artificial. Incorporar implantes artificiais com o objetivo de fundir o corpo humano com software poderá levar à criação de super-humanos que estarão dependentes da tecnologia implantada no seu corpo, ou ajudar a resolver problemas que o seu corpo não é capaz de fazer.

2016 ― The Boring Company ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company
Em 2017, Elon Muks criou a empresa chamada The Boring Company cujo objetivo será escavar túneis sob as grandes cidades metropolitanas a fim de criar um novo sistema de trânsito em que os carros serão transportados através de plataformas de um local para o outro. Desta forma a circulação de veículos será automatizada e mais rápida entre destinos, ao mesmo tempo que se reduz o número de veículos parados no trânsito nas estradas. Os primeiros testes estão a ser feitos em Los Angeles entre os escritórios da SpaceX por ser um local que não requer permissões.

Participação em Filmes e Televisão de Elon Musk
Elon Musk | Thank You for Smoking (2005)
Elon Musk and Robert Downey Jr. | Iron Man 2 (2010)
Elon Musk and Danny Trejo | Machete Kills (2013)
Elon Musk | Transcendence (2014)
Elon Musk and Simon Helberg | Big Bang Theory (2015)
Elon Musk and Bryan Cranston | Why Him (2016)

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ENGLISH
Elon Musk – History | Vision | Companies

About Elon Musk
Elon Musk (Elon Reeve Musk) was born on 28 June 1971, in the city of Pretoria in South Africa. He is an Inventor, Engineer, Investor, Producer and Actor. But his deeds and fortune is especially relative to his companies SpaceX and Tesla Inc. Throughout his career he has created some revolutionary and extremely profitable companies that make him one of the most respected people in the world and considered a revolutionary for the  humanity and the Earth.

Vision of Elon Musk
Elon Musk's vision is to change the world and humanity, with the goal of reducing global warming through the use of renewable energy, creating sustainable systems, and completely eliminating the use of fossil fuels. For this, he created the company Tesla Motors, which produces cars that run completely on electric power. Solar panels also produced by its SolarCity company which specializes in the development of solar panel systems that capture the energy of the sun, transforming it into electricity and storing it for later use. These solar panel systems are currently used on roofs of homes, but their development continues and in the future will be more mobile technology. With the company SpaceX, another goal of Elon Musk, who could revolutionize the way humanity lives, is space and interplanetary travel establishing a human colony on Mars. This seems to be a far-off reality, but Elon Musk continues to create companies and develop ideas in various areas that could be very positive for humanity.

Companies of Elon Musk
1995 ― Zip2 ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2
In 1995, Elon Musk and his brother established the company, a software development company, where he had contracts with The New York Times and Chicago Tribune, two of the most newspapers at the time. The company cost $28,000 and was sold to Compaq for $307 million in which Elon Musk received $22 million for the sale.

1999 ― X.com ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com
In 1999, Elon Musk co-founded the company X.com, a company that specializes in payments for financial services and online payments.

2000 ― PayPal ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal
In 2000, the merger of X.com and Confinity resulted in the company PayPal. A company focused mainly on the transfer and payments for a virtual currency, without a centralized bank, customers could make purchases and payments of products with this new coin. A company that has revolutionized the way people buy products using the internet. Elon Musk was expelled from CEO of the company due to the direction he intended to give the company, not going according to the other leaders of the company. In 2002 eBay bought PayPal for $1.5 billion, in which Elon Musk received $165 million for the sale.

2001 ― SpaceX ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX
In 2001, Elon Musk and the idea of "Mars Oasis", a project that aimed at designing an experimental greenhouse to test whether the concept of humans can live on Mars. Its purpose with the company is space exploration and interplanetary travel. Being at this time still years away from that, the company is living a very profitable time since the development of its reusable rockets has achieved in 2006, its first contract of $1.6 billion with NASA to transport cargo to the International Space Station, and since then have regularly achieved the same type of contracts because they are the only privately owned company capable.

2003 ― Tesla ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.
In 2003, Elon Musk created the company Tesla, Inc. The company aimed to create automobiles that function completely with electric power. Between 2003 and 2008 was a process of creating the company's management, investor search, recruitment and planning. In 2008 when all the factors were favorable for this, the company created the first electric sports car, the Tesla Roadster. Since then sales continue to grow and the company continues to create new models with greater autonomy and better quality. Tesla's fully electric cars revolutionized the automotive market, driving all other brands to follow the same course and to bet on electric cars.

2006 ― SolarCity ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity
In 2006, Elon Musk co-founded SolarCity, a company that aims to develop and produce solar panels and power storage systems to increase the development of sustainable energy. SolarCity is the second largest supplier of solar energy systems in the United States of America. In 2016 Tesla made an offer to acquire SolarCiry to incorporate into the company's services.

2013 ― Hyperloop ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop
In 2013, Elon Musk reveals the concept of a high-speed transport system through capsules that would be displaced through tunnels. This type of transport aims to reduce transportation in large metropolitan areas, and to create faster long-distance connections between cities. In 2015, Elon Musk launched a contest for students to develop a hyperloop system with the goal that young innovators can develop a system that pleases Elon Musk. In 2017, Elon Musk announced he had obtained government approval to build a hyperloop system between the city of New York and Washington D.C, but several transportation agencies deny the existence of such approval.

2015 ― OpenAI ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI
In 2015, Elon Musk announced the creation of the company OpenAI (Open Artificial Intelligence), which is a company with the goal of researching artificial intelligence and developing artificial intelligence systems that can benefit mankind in such a way that this company has no for profit and your research is shared publicly.

2016 ― Neuralink ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink
In 2016, Elon Musk co-founded Neuralink, a company specializing in neuroscience with the goal of integrating the human brain with artificial intelligence. Incorporating artificial implants with the goal of fusing the human body with software can lead to the creation of superhumans who will be dependent on the technology implanted in your body or help solve problems that your body is not able to do.

2016 ― The Boring Company ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company
In 2017, Elon Muks created the company called The Boring Company whose aim will be to dig tunnels under the big metropolitan cities in order to create a new transit system in which the cars will be transported through platforms from one place to the other. In this way the circulation of vehicles will be automated and faster between destinations, while reducing the number of vehicles stopped in the traffic on the roads. The first tests are being done in Los Angeles between the offices of SpaceX because it is a place that does not require permissions.

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FRENCH | FRANÇAIS
Elon Musk – Histoire | Vision | Entreprises

À propos d'Elon Musk
Elon Musk (Elon Reeve Musk) est né le 28 juin 1971, dans la ville de Pretoria en Afrique du Sud. Il est inventeur, ingénieur, investisseur, producteur et acteur. Mais ses actions et sa fortune sont particulièrement liées à ses entreprises SpaceX et Tesla Inc. Tout au long de sa carrière, il a créé des entreprises révolutionnaires et extrêmement rentables qui en font l'une des personnes les plus respectées au monde et considérées comme révolutionnaires pour l'humanité et la Terre .

Vision d'Elon Musk
La vision d'Elon Musk est de changer le monde et l'humanité, dans le but de réduire le réchauffement climatique grâce à l'utilisation d'énergies renouvelables, la création de systèmes durables et l'élimination complète de l'utilisation des combustibles fossiles. Pour cela, il a créé la société Tesla Motors, qui produit des voitures qui fonctionnent complètement sur l'énergie électrique. Les panneaux solaires ont également été produits par sa société SolarCity spécialisée dans le développement de systèmes de panneaux solaires qui captent l'énergie du soleil, le transformant en électricité et le stockant pour une utilisation ultérieure. Ces systèmes de panneaux solaires sont actuellement utilisés sur les toits de maisons, mais leur développement se poursuit et à l'avenir sera plus de technologie mobile. Avec la société SpaceX, un autre objectif d'Elon Musk, qui pourrait révolutionner la façon dont vit l'humanité, est l'espace et les déplacements interplanétaires établissant une colonie humaine sur Mars. Cela semble être une réalité lointain, mais Elon Musk continue de créer des entreprises et de développer des idées dans divers domaines qui pourraient être très positifs pour l'humanité.

Les entreprises de Elon Musk
1995 ― Zip2 ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2
En 1995, Elon Musk et son frère ont établi la société, une société de développement de logiciels, où il a eu des contrats avec The New York Times et Chicago Tribune, deux des journaux les plus courants de l'époque. La société a coûté 28 000 $ et a été vendue à Compaq pour 307 millions de dollars dans laquelle Elon Musk a reçu 22 millions de dollars pour la vente.

1999 ― X.com ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com
En 1999, Elon Musk a cofondé la société X.com, société spécialisée dans les paiements pour les services financiers et les paiements en ligne.

2000 ― PayPal ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal
En 2000, la fusion de X.com et Confinity a donné lieu à la société PayPal. Une société axée principalement sur le transfert et les paiements pour une monnaie virtuelle, sans banque centralisée, les clients pourraient faire des achats et des paiements de produits avec cette nouvelle pièce. Une entreprise qui a révolutionné la façon dont les gens achètent des produits en utilisant Internet. Elon Musk a été expulsé du chef de la direction de l'entreprise en raison de la direction qu'il avait l'intention de donner à la société, ne fonctionnant pas selon les autres dirigeants de l'entreprise. En 2002, eBay a acheté PayPal pour 1,5 milliard de dollars, dans lequel Elon Musk a reçu 165 millions de dollars pour la vente.

2001 ― SpaceX ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX
En 2001, Elon Musk et l'idée de "Mars Oasis", un projet visant à concevoir une serre expérimentale pour tester si la notion d'homme peut vivre sur Mars. Le but de cette entreprise est l'exploration spatiale et les déplacements interplanétaires. En ce moment encore à des années, l'entreprise vit un temps très rentable depuis le développement de ses fusées réutilisables en 2006, son premier contrat de 1,6 milliard de dollars avec la NASA pour le transport de marchandises à la Station spatiale internationale et depuis lors ont régulièrement obtenu le même type de contrats parce qu'ils sont la seule entreprise privée capable.

2003 ― Tesla ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.
En 2003, Elon Musk a créé la société Tesla, Inc. La société visait à créer des automobiles qui fonctionnent complètement avec de l'énergie électrique. Entre 2003 et 2008, il s'agissait d'un processus de création de la gestion, de la recherche, du recrutement et de la planification des investisseurs. En 2008, lorsque tous les facteurs étaient favorables à cela, la société a créé la première voiture de sport électrique, le Tesla Roadster. Depuis lors, les ventes continuent de croître et l'entreprise continue de créer de nouveaux modèles avec une plus grande autonomie et une meilleure qualité. Les voitures entièrement électriques de Tesla ont révolutionné le marché de l'automobile, conduisant toutes les autres marques à suivre le même parcours et à parier sur les voitures électriques.

2006 ― SolarCity ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity
En 2006, Elon Musk a cofondé SolarCity, une société qui vise à développer et à produire des panneaux solaires et des systèmes de stockage de puissance pour accroître le développement de l'énergie durable. SolarCity est le deuxième fournisseur de systèmes d'énergie solaire aux États-Unis d'Amérique. En 2016, Tesla a fait une offre pour acquérir SolarCiry pour intégrer les services de l'entreprise.

2013 ― Hyperloop ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop
En 2013, Elon Musk révèle le concept d'un système de transport à grande vitesse grâce à des capsules qui seraient déplacées par des tunnels. Ce type de transport vise à réduire les transports dans les grandes zones métropolitaines et à créer des liaisons interurbaines plus rapides entre les villes. En 2015, Elon Musk a lancé un concours pour que les étudiants développent un système hyperloop afin que les jeunes innovateurs puissent développer un système qui plaît à Elon Musk. En 2017, Elon Musk a annoncé qu'il avait obtenu l'approbation du gouvernement pour construire un système hyperloop entre la ville de New York et Washington D.C, mais plusieurs agences de transport nient l'existence d'une telle approbation.

2015 ― OpenAI ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI
En 2015, Elon Musk a annoncé la création de la société OpenAI (Open Artificial Intelligence), société qui vise à rechercher de l'intelligence artificielle et à développer des systèmes d'intelligence artificielle qui peuvent bénéficier à l'humanité de telle sorte que cette société n'a pas de but lucratif et votre recherche est partagée publiquement.

2016 ― Neuralink ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink
En 2016, Elon Musk a cofondé Neuralink, une société spécialisée en neurosciences dans le but d'intégrer le cerveau humain à l'intelligence artificielle. L'incorporation d'implants artificiels dans le but de fusionner le corps humain avec un logiciel peut conduire à la création de superhumains qui dépendront de la technologie implantée dans votre corps ou aideront à résoudre des problèmes que votre corps ne peut pas faire.

2016 ― The Boring Company ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company
En 2017, Elon Muks a créé la société The Boring Company dont l'objectif sera de creuser des tunnels dans les grandes villes métropolitaines afin de créer un nouveau système de transit dans lequel les voitures seront transportées à travers des plates-formes d'un endroit à l'autre. De cette façon, la circulation des véhicules sera automatisée et plus rapide.

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SPANISH | ESPAÑOL
Elon Musk – Historia | Visión | Compañías

Acerca de Elon Musk
Musgo Elon (Elon Reeve Musk) nació el 28 de junio de 1971, en la ciudad de Pretoria en Sudáfrica. Es Inventor, Ingeniero, Inversor, Productor y Actor. Pero sus hechos y su fortuna son especialmente relativos a sus empresas SpaceX y Tesla Inc. A lo largo de su carrera ha creado algunas empresas revolucionarias y extremadamente rentables que lo convierten en una de las personas más respetadas del mundo y considerado un revolucionario para la humanidad y la Tierra .

Visión de Elon Musk
La visión de Elon Musk es cambiar el mundo y la humanidad, con el objetivo de reducir el calentamiento global mediante el uso de energía renovable, la creación de sistemas sostenibles y la eliminación total del uso de combustibles fósiles. Para ello, creó la empresa Tesla Motors, que produce automóviles que funcionan completamente con energía eléctrica. Paneles solares también producidos por su empresa SolarCity que se especializa en el desarrollo de sistemas de paneles solares que capturan la energía del sol, transformándola en electricidad y almacenándola para uso posterior. Estos sistemas de paneles solares se utilizan actualmente en techos de viviendas, pero su desarrollo continúa y en el futuro será más tecnología móvil. Con la compañía SpaceX, otro objetivo de Elon Musk, que podría revolucionar la forma en que vive la humanidad, es el espacio y los viajes interplanetarios que establecen una colonia humana en Marte. Esto parece ser una realidad lejana, pero Elon Musk continúa creando empresas y desarrollando ideas en varias áreas que podrían ser muy positivas para la humanidad.

Empresas de Elon Musk
1995 ― Zip2 ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2
En 1995, Elon Musk y su hermano establecieron la compañía, una compañía de desarrollo de software, donde tenía contratos con The New York Times y Chicago Tribune, dos de los periódicos más en ese momento. La compañía costó $ 28,000 y fue vendida a Compaq por $ 307 millones en la cual Elon Musk recibió $ 22 millones para la venta.

1999 ― X.com ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com
En 1999, Elon Musk co-fundó la compañía X.com, una compañía que se especializa en pagos por servicios financieros y pagos en línea.

2000 ― PayPal ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal
En 2000, la fusión de X.com y Confinity dio lugar a la compañía PayPal. Una empresa centrada principalmente en la transferencia y pagos de una moneda virtual, sin un banco centralizado, los clientes podían realizar compras y pagos de productos con esta nueva moneda. Una empresa que ha revolucionado la forma en que la gente compra productos a través de Internet. Elon Musk fue expulsado del consejero delegado de la empresa debido a la dirección que tenía la intención de dar a la empresa, no va de acuerdo con los otros líderes de la empresa. En 2002 eBay compró PayPal por $ 1.5 mil millones, en que Elon Musk recibió $ 165 millones para la venta.

2001 ― SpaceX ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX
En 2001, Elon Musk y la idea de "Oasis de Marte", un proyecto que tenía como objetivo diseñar un invernadero experimental para probar si el concepto de seres humanos puede vivir en Marte. Su propósito con la empresa es la exploración espacial y los viajes interplanetarios. Estando en este momento aún a años de distancia de eso, la empresa está viviendo un tiempo muy rentable desde el desarrollo de sus cohetes reutilizables ha logrado en 2006, su primer contrato de $ 1.6 mil millones con la NASA para transportar carga a la Estación Espacial Internacional, y desde entonces han logrado regularmente el mismo tipo de contratos porque son la única empresa privada capaz.

2003 ― Tesla ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.
En 2003, Elon Musk creó la compañía Tesla, Inc. La compañía apuntó a crear automóviles que funcionen completamente con energía eléctrica. Entre 2003 y 2008 fue un proceso de creación de la gestión de la empresa, la búsqueda de inversores, la contratación y la planificación. En 2008, cuando todos los factores fueron favorables para ello, la compañía creó el primer coche deportivo eléctrico, el Tesla Roadster. Desde entonces las ventas continúan creciendo y la compañía continúa creando nuevos modelos con mayor autonomía y mejor calidad. Los coches completamente eléctricos de Tesla revolucionaron el mercado automotor, llevando a todas las otras marcas a seguir el mismo rumbo ya apostar por los coches eléctricos.

2006 ― SolarCity ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity
En 2006, Elon Musk fue cofundador de SolarCity, una empresa que tiene como objetivo desarrollar y producir paneles solares y sistemas de almacenamiento de energía para aumentar el desarrollo de la energía sostenible. SolarCity es el segundo mayor proveedor de sistemas de energía solar en los Estados Unidos de América. En 2016 Tesla hizo una oferta para adquirir SolarCiry para incorporar en los servicios de la compañía.

2013 ― Hyperloop ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop
En 2013, Elon Musk revela el concepto de un sistema de transporte de alta velocidad a través de cápsulas que serían desplazadas a través de túneles. Este tipo de transporte tiene como objetivo reducir el transporte en grandes áreas metropolitanas, y crear conexiones de larga distancia más rápidas entre las ciudades. En 2015, Elon Musk lanzó un concurso para que los estudiantes desarrollen un sistema de hyperloop con el objetivo de que los jóvenes innovadores puedan desarrollar un sistema que agrada a Elon Musk. En 2017, Elon Musk anunció que había obtenido la aprobación del gobierno para construir un sistema de hyperloop entre la ciudad de Nueva York y Washington DC, pero varias agencias de transporte niegan la existencia de tal aprobación.

2015 ― OpenAI ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI
En 2015, Elon Musk anunció la creación de la empresa OpenAI (Open Artificial Intelligence), una empresa con el objetivo de investigar la inteligencia artificial y desarrollar sistemas de inteligencia artificial que puedan beneficiar a la humanidad de tal manera que esta empresa no tiene fines de lucro y su investigación es compartida públicamente.

2016 ― Neuralink ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink
En 2016, Elon Musk co-fundó Neuralink, una empresa especializada en neurociencia con el objetivo de integrar el cerebro humano con la inteligencia artificial. La incorporación de implantes artificiales con el objetivo de fusionar el cuerpo humano con el software puede conducir a la creación de superhumanos que dependerán de la tecnología implantada en su cuerpo o ayudar a resolver problemas que su cuerpo no es capaz de hacer.

2016 ― La Empresa Boring ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company
En 2017, Elon Muks creó la empresa The Boring Company cuyo objetivo será excavar túneles bajo las grandes ciudades metropolitanas para crear un nuevo sistema de tránsito en el cual los coches serán transportados a través de plataformas de un lugar a otro. De esta manera la circulación de vehículos será automatizada y más rápida entre destinos, mientras se reduce el número de vehículos detenidos en el tráfico en las carreteras. Las primeras pruebas se realizan en Los Ángeles entre las oficinas de SpaceX porque es un lugar que no requiere permisos.

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GERMAN | DEUTSCHE
Elon Musk – Geschichte | Vision Firmen

Über Elon Moschus
Elon Musk (Elon Reeve Musk) wurde am 28. Juni 1971 in der Stadt Pretoria in Südafrika geboren. Er ist Inventor, Ingenieur, Investor, Produzent und Schauspieler. Aber seine Taten und Vermögen sind besonders im Verhältnis zu seinen Firmen SpaceX und Tesla Inc. Während seiner Karriere hat er einige revolutionäre und äußerst rentable Unternehmen geschaffen, die ihn zu einem der angesehensten Menschen der Welt machen und als Revolutionär für die Menschlichkeit und die Erde gelten .

Vision von Elon Moschus
Die Vision von Elon Musk ist es, die Welt und die Menschheit zu verändern, mit dem Ziel, die globale Erwärmung durch den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien zu reduzieren, nachhaltige Systeme zu schaffen und die Nutzung fossiler Brennstoffe vollständig zu beseitigen. Dafür schuf er die Firma Tesla Motors, die Autos produziert, die komplett auf Strom laufen. Solarmodule, die auch von der Firma SolarCity produziert werden, die sich auf die Entwicklung von Solarpanelsystemen spezialisiert hat, die die Energie der Sonne erfassen, in Elektrizität umwandeln und für spätere Verwendung speichern. Diese Solarpanelsysteme werden derzeit auf Dächern von Häusern eingesetzt, aber ihre Entwicklung geht weiter und wird in Zukunft mehr mobile Technologie sein. Mit der Firma SpaceX ist ein weiteres Ziel von Elon Musk, der die Art und Weise, wie die Menschheit lebt, revolutionieren können, Raum- und interplanetare Reisen, die eine menschliche Kolonie auf dem Mars gründen. Dies scheint eine weit entfernte Realität zu sein, aber Elon Musk fährt fort, Unternehmen zu gründen und Ideen in verschiedenen Bereichen zu entwickeln, die für die Menschlichkeit sehr positiv sein könnten.

Firmen von Elon Moschus
1995 ― Zip2 ― https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2
Im Jahr 1995 gründete Elon Moschus und sein Bruder die Firma, eine Softwareentwicklungsfirma, wo er Verträge mit der New York Times und Chicago Tribune, zwei der meisten Zeitungen zu der Zeit hatte. Die Firma kostete $ 28.000 und wurde an Compaq für $ 307 Million verkauft, in dem Elon Moschus $ 22 Million für den Verkauf empfing.

1999 ― X.com ― https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com
Im Jahr 1999 gründete Elon Musk die Firma X.com, ein Unternehmen, das sich auf Zahlungen für Finanzdienstleistungen und Online-Zahlungen spezialisiert hat.

2000 ― PayPal ― https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal
Im Jahr 2000 führte die Fusion von X.com und Confinity zur Firma PayPal. Ein Unternehmen konzentrierte sich vor allem auf die Übertragung und Zahlungen für eine virtuelle Währung, ohne eine zentrale Bank, Kunden könnten Einkäufe und Zahlungen von Produkten mit dieser neuen Münze zu machen. Ein Unternehmen, das die Art und Weise revolutioniert hat, wie Menschen Produkte mit dem Internet kaufen. Elon Moschus wurde aus dem CEO des Unternehmens ausgeschlossen, aufgrund der Richtung, die er beabsichtigte, das Unternehmen zu geben, nicht nach den anderen Führern des Unternehmens zu gehen. Im Jahr 2002 eBay kaufte PayPal für $ 1,5 Milliarden, in dem Elon Musk erhielt $ 165.000.000 für den Verkauf.

2001 ― SpaceX ― https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX
Im Jahr 2001, Elon Musk und die Idee von "Mars Oasis", ein Projekt, das darauf abzielte, ein experimentelles Gewächshaus zu entwerfen, um zu testen, ob das Konzept der Menschen auf dem Mars leben kann. Sein Ziel mit der Firma ist Raumfahrt und interplanetare Reise. Da die damalige Zeit noch Jahre dauert, ist das Unternehmen eine sehr rentable Zeit, seit die Entwicklung der wiederverwendbaren Raketen im Jahr 2006 ihren ersten Vertrag von $ 1,6 Milliarden mit der NASA erreicht hat, um Fracht an die Internationale Raumstation zu transportieren, und seitdem haben regelmäßig die gleichen Art von Verträgen erreicht, weil sie das einzige privat geführte Unternehmen sind.

2003 ― Tesla ― https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.
Im Jahr 2003 hat Elon Musk die Firma Tesla, Inc. gegründet. Das Unternehmen zielte darauf ab, Automobile zu schaffen, die komplett mit elektrischer Energie funktionieren. Zwischen 2003 und 2008 war ein Prozess der Schaffung der Unternehmensführung, Investorensuche, Rekrutierung und Planung. Im Jahr 2008, als alle Faktoren dafür günstig waren, schuf das Unternehmen den ersten Elektrosportwagen, den Tesla Roadster. Seitdem wächst der Umsatz weiter und das Unternehmen schafft neue Modelle mit größerer Autonomie und besserer Qualität. Tesla's volle Elektroautos revolutionierten den Automobilmarkt und fuhren alle anderen Marken, um dem gleichen Kurs zu folgen und auf Elektroautos zu wetten.

2006 ― SolarCity ― https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity
Im Jahr 2006 gründete Elon Musk die Firma SolarCity, ein Unternehmen, das Solarmodule und Energiespeichersysteme entwickeln und produzieren will, um die Entwicklung nachhaltiger Energie zu erhöhen. SolarCity ist der zweitgrößte Anbieter von Solarsystemen in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Im Jahr 2016 hat Tesla ein Angebot zum Erwerb von SolarCiry gemacht, um in die Dienstleistungen des Unternehmens zu integrieren.

2013 ― Hyperloop ― https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop
Im Jahr 2013 zeigt Elon Moschus das Konzept eines Hochgeschwindigkeits-Transportsystems durch Kapseln, die durch Tunnel verschoben würden. Diese Art von Transport zielt darauf ab, den Transport in großen Ballungsräumen zu reduzieren und schnellere Fernverbindungen zwischen den Städten zu schaffen. Im Jahr 2015 startete Elon Musk einen Wettbewerb für Studenten, um ein Hyperloop-System mit dem Ziel zu entwickeln, dass junge Innovatoren ein System entwickeln können, das Elon Musk gefällt. Im Jahr 2017 gab Elon Musk angekündigt, er habe staatliche Zustimmung erhalten, um ein Hyperloop-System zwischen der Stadt New York und Washington D.C zu bauen, aber mehrere Transportagenturen leugnen die Existenz einer solchen Genehmigung.

2015 ― OpenAI ― https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI
Im Jahr 2015 kündigte Elon Musk die Gründung der Firma OpenAI (Open Artificial Intelligence) an, die ein Unternehmen mit dem Ziel ist, künstliche Intelligenz zu erforschen und künstliche Intelligenzsysteme zu entwickeln, die der Menschheit so zugute kommen können, dass dieses Unternehmen keinen Gewinn hat und Ihre Forschung wird öffentlich geteilt.

2016 ― Neuralink ― https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink
Im Jahr 2016 gründete Elon Musk Neuralink, ein Unternehmen, das sich auf Neurowissenschaften spezialisiert hat, mit dem Ziel, das menschliche Gehirn mit künstlicher Intelligenz zu integrieren. Die Einbeziehung künstlicher Implantate mit dem Ziel der Verschmelzung des menschlichen Körpers mit Software kann dazu führen, dass die Schaffung von übermenschen, die abhängig von der Technologie implantiert in Ihrem Körper oder helfen, Probleme zu lösen, die Ihr Körper nicht in der Lage ist zu tun.

2016 ― Die Boring Company ― https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company
Im Jahr 2017 schuf Elon Muks das Unternehmen namens The Boring Company, dessen Ziel es ist, Tunnel unter den großen Metropolen zu graben, um ein neues Transit-System zu schaffen, in dem die Autos über Plattformen von einem Ort zum anderen transportiert werden. Auf diese Weise wird die Zirkulation von Fahrzeugen automatisiert und schneller zwischen den Zielen, während die Anzahl der Fahrzeuge im Verkehr auf den Straßen gestoppt wird. Die ersten Tests werden in Los Angeles zwischen den Büros von SpaceX durchgeführt, weil es ein Ort ist, der keine Berechtigungen benötigt.

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ITALIAN | ITALIANO
Elon Musk – Storia | Visione | Aziende

Circa Elon Musk
Elon Musk (Elon Reeve Musk) è nato il 28 giugno 1971, nella città di Pretoria in Sudafrica. È un inventore, un ingegnere, un investitore, un produttore e un attore. Ma le sue azioni e fortuna sono soprattutto relative alle sue società SpaceX e Tesla Inc. Durante la sua carriera ha creato alcune società rivoluzionarie e estremamente redditizie che lo rendono uno dei più rispettati del mondo e considerato un rivoluzionario per l'umanità e la Terra .

Visione di Elon Musk
La visione di Elon Musk è cambiare il mondo e l'umanità, con l'obiettivo di ridurre il riscaldamento globale attraverso l'utilizzo di energie rinnovabili, creando sistemi sostenibili e eliminando completamente l'utilizzo di combustibili fossili. Per questo ha creato l'azienda Tesla Motors, che produce automobili che funzionano completamente in energia elettrica. Pannelli solari prodotti anche dalla sua società SolarCity specializzata nello sviluppo di sistemi a pannelli solari che catturano l'energia del sole, trasformandola in elettricità e conservandola per un uso successivo. Questi sistemi a pannelli solari sono attualmente utilizzati sui tetti delle case, ma il loro sviluppo continua e in futuro sarà più mobile tecnologia. Con la società SpaceX, un altro obiettivo di Elon Musk, che potrebbe rivoluzionare il modo in cui l'umanità vive, è lo spazio e il viaggio interplanetario che crea una colonia umana su Marte. Questo sembra essere una realtà lontana, ma Elon Musk continua a creare imprese e sviluppa idee in vari settori che potrebbero essere molto positivi per l'umanità.

Aziende di Elon Musk
1995 ― Zip2 ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2
Nel 1995, Elon Musk e suo fratello fondarono la società, società di sviluppo software, dove aveva contratti con The New York Times e Chicago Tribune, due dei più quotidiani del momento. L'azienda costa 28.000 dollari e è stata venduta a Compaq per $ 307 milioni in cui Elon Musk ha ricevuto 22 milioni di dollari per la vendita.

1999 ― X.com ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com
Nel 1999, Elon Musk fondò la società X.com, una società specializzata in pagamenti per servizi finanziari e pagamenti online.

2000 ― PayPal ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal
Nel 2000, la fusione di X.com e Confinity ha portato alla società PayPal. Una società focalizzata principalmente sul trasferimento e sui pagamenti per una valuta virtuale, senza una banca centralizzata, i clienti potevano effettuare acquisti e pagamenti di prodotti con questa nuova moneta. Una società che ha rivoluzionato il modo in cui le persone acquistano prodotti utilizzando Internet. Elon Musk è stato espulso dall'amministratore delegato della società a causa della direzione che intendeva dare all'azienda, non andando secondo gli altri leader dell'azienda. Nel 2002 eBay ha acquistato PayPal per 1,5 miliardi di dollari, in cui Elon Musk ha ricevuto 165 milioni di dollari per la vendita.

2001 ― SpaceX ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX
Nel 2001, Elon Musk e l'idea di "Mars Oasis", un progetto che mirava a progettare una serra sperimentale per verificare se il concetto di esseri umani possa vivere su Marte. Il suo scopo con l'azienda è l'esplorazione spaziale e il viaggio interplanetario. Essendo in questo momento ancora anni fa, la società sta vivendo un periodo molto redditizio poiché lo sviluppo dei suoi razzi riutilizzabili ha raggiunto nel 2006 il suo primo contratto di $ 1,6 miliardi con la NASA per il trasporto di merci verso la Stazione Spaziale Internazionale e da allora hanno regolarmente raggiunto lo stesso tipo di contratti perché sono l'unica società privata capace.

2003 ― Tesla ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.
Nel 2003, Elon Musk ha creato la società Tesla, Inc. La società ha voluto creare automobili che funzionano completamente con l'energia elettrica. Tra il 2003 e il 2008 è stato un processo di creazione della gestione aziendale, ricerca degli investitori, reclutamento e pianificazione. Nel 2008, quando tutti i fattori erano favorevoli a questo scopo, la società ha creato la prima vettura sportiva elettrica, la Tesla Roadster. Da allora le vendite continuano a crescere e la società continua a creare nuovi modelli con maggiore autonomia e qualità. Le auto completamente elettriche di Tesla hanno rivoluzionato il mercato automobilistico, guidando tutte le altre marche per seguire lo stesso percorso e per scommettere sulle vetture elettriche.

2006 ― SolarCity ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity
Nel 2006, Elon Musk ha fondato SolarCity, un'azienda che mira a sviluppare e produrre pannelli solari e sistemi di storage per aumentare lo sviluppo di energia sostenibile. SolarCity è il secondo fornitore più importante di sistemi di energia solare negli Stati Uniti d'America. Nel 2016 Tesla fece un'offerta per acquisire SolarCiry per incorporarsi nei servizi della società.

2013 ― Hyperloop ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop
Nel 2013, Elon Musk rivela il concetto di un sistema di trasporto ad alta velocità attraverso capsule che sarebbero sfollate attraverso gallerie. Questo tipo di trasporto mira a ridurre i trasporti in grandi aree metropolitane e per creare connessioni a lunga distanza tra le città. Nel 2015 Elon Musk ha lanciato un concorso per gli studenti per sviluppare un sistema iperloop con l'obiettivo che i giovani innovatori possano sviluppare un sistema che soddisfa Elon Musk. Nel 2017, Elon Musk ha annunciato di aver ottenuto l'approvazione del governo per costruire un sistema iperloop tra la città di New York e Washington D.C, ma diverse agenzie di trasporto negano l'esistenza di tale approvazione.

2015 ― OpenAI ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI
Nel 2015, Elon Musk ha annunciato la creazione della società OpenAI (Open Artificial Intelligence) che è un'azienda con l'obiettivo di ricercare l'intelligenza artificiale e di sviluppare sistemi di intelligenza artificiale che possono trarre beneficio per l'umanità in modo tale che questa società non ha scopo di lucro la tua ricerca viene condivisa pubblicamente.

2016 ― Neuralink ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink
Nel 2016, Elon Musk fondò Neuralink, una società specializzata in neuroscienze, con l'obiettivo di integrare il cervello umano con l'intelligenza artificiale. Incorporare impianti artificiali con l'obiettivo di fondere il corpo umano con il software può portare alla creazione di superumani che dipendono dalla tecnologia impiantata nel tuo corpo o aiutano a risolvere i problemi che il tuo corpo non è in grado di fare.

2016 ― La Boring Company ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company
Nel 2017, Elon Muks ha creato l'azienda denominata The Boring Company, il cui obiettivo sarà quello di scavare tunnel alle grandi città metropolitane per creare un nuovo sistema di transito in cui le vetture saranno trasportate attraverso piattaforme da un posto all'altro. In questo modo la circolazione dei veicoli sarà automatizzata e veloce tra le destinazioni, riducendo al contempo il numero di veicoli fermati nel traffico sulle strade. I primi test sono in corso a Los Angeles tra gli uffici di SpaceX perché è un luogo che non richiede autorizzazioni.

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CHINESE | 中文
艾伦·穆斯克 – 历史|愿景|公司

关于Elon Musk
Elon Musk（Elon Reeve Musk）出生于1971年6月28日，在南非比勒陀利亚市。他是发明人，工程师，投资者，制片人和演员。但他的行为和财富与他的公司SpaceX和特斯拉公司特别相关。在他的职业生涯中，他创造了一些革命性和极富盈利的公司，使他成为世界上最受尊敬的人之一，被认为是人类和地球的革命者。

Elon Musk的愿景
Elon Musk的愿景是改变世界和人类，其目标是通过使用可再生能源减少全球变暖，创造可持续发展的系统，并彻底消除化石燃料的使用。为此，他创建了特斯拉汽车公司（Tesla Motors），该公司生产完全运行电力的汽车。太阳能电池板也由SolarCity公司生产，专门开发太阳能电池板系统，捕获太阳能，将其转化为电力并将其储存以供以后使用。这些太阳能电池板系统目前用于家庭屋顶，但其发展仍在继续，未来将会是更多的移动技术。随着SpaceX公司，Elon Musk的另一个目标是能够革命人类生活方式，是在火星上建立人类殖民地的空间和行星际旅行。这似乎是一个遥远的现实，但是，on Mus k继续在各个领域创造公司，发展思想，对人类而言是非常积极的。

Elon Musk公司
1995 ― Zip2 ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2
1995年，Elon Musk和他的兄弟成立了一家软件开发公司，该公司与“纽约时报”和“芝加哥论坛报”签订了合同，当时是当时最多的两家报纸。该公司花费28,000美元，以3.70亿美元的价格出售给康柏，其中Elon Musk收到了2200万美元的出售。

1999 ― X.com ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com
1999年，Elon Musk共同创立了X.com公司，该公司专门从事金融服务和在线支付的付款。

2000 ― PayPal ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal
2000年，X.com和Confinity的并购导致了PayPal公司。一家主要关注虚拟货币的转账和付款的公司，没有集中的银行，客户可以用这个新的硬币购买和支付产品。一家公司彻底改变了人们使用互联网购买产品的方式。由于他打算给公司的方向，Elon Musk被驱逐出公司的首席执行官，不按照公司的其他领导人的要求。 2002年，eBay以15亿美元收购了PayPal，其中Elon Musk收购了1.65亿美元。

2001 ― SpaceX ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX
2001年，Elon Musk和“Mars Oasis”的设想，旨在设计一个试验性温室来测试人类的概念是否能够生活在火星上。该公司的宗旨是空间探索和行星际旅行。在这个时间还有几年的时间里，自2006年可再生火箭发展以来，该公司正在生活非常有利可图的时间，其首次与美国宇航局签订的16亿美元的运输货物运往国际空间站，从那时起定期实行同类合同，因为它们是唯一能够拥有的私营公司。

2003 ― 特斯拉 ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.
2003年，Elon Musk创建了特斯拉公司。该公司旨在创造完全用电力完成的汽车。 2003年至2008年是创建公司管理，投资者搜索，招聘和规划的过程。 2008年，所有因素都有利于此，该公司成立了首款电动跑车，特斯拉跑车。此后，销售额持续增长，公司不断创造出更多的自主权和更高品质的新车型。特斯拉的全电动汽车彻底改变了汽车市场，驱动所有其他品牌遵循相同的路线，并打赌电动汽车。

2006 ― SolarCity ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity
2006年，Elon Musk共同创立了SolarCity，该公司旨在开发和生产太阳能电池板和蓄电系统，以增加可持续能源的发展。 SolarCity是美国第二大太阳能系统供应商。 2016年特斯拉提出收购SolarCiry并入公司的服务。

2013 ― Hyperloop ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop
2013年，Elon Musk透露了通过隧道排放的胶囊的高速运输系统的概念。这种交通工具旨在减少大城市的交通运输，并在城市之间建立更快的长途连接。在2015年，Elon Musk为学生们开展了一个开发超音速系统比赛，旨在让年轻的创新者能够开发出喜欢Elon Musk的系统。 2017年，Elon Musk宣布获得政府批准，在纽约市和华盛顿特区之间建立一个双循环系统，但是几个运输机构否认存在这种批准。

2015 ― OpenAI ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI
2015年，Elon Musk宣布成立OpenAI（开放人工智能）公司，该公司的目标是研究人工智能和开发可以使人类受益的人造智能系统，以使该公司无利可图，您的研究是公开分享的。

2016 ― Neuralink ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink
在2016年，Elon Musk共同创立了Neuralink，一家专门从事神经科学的公司，目标是将人类大脑与人工智能结合在一起。将人造植入物融入人体与软体的目标可以导致创造超级人，他们将依赖植入人体内的技术或帮助解决身体无法做到的问题。

2016 ― 无聊公司 ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company
2017年，Elon Muks创建了一家名为“镗孔公司”的公司，其目的是在大城市内挖掘隧道，以建立一个新的运输系统，将汽车从一个地方通过平台运输到另一个地方。以这种方式，车辆的流通将在目的地之间自动化和更快，同时减少在道路上的交通中停止的车辆的数量。第一个测试是在洛杉矶在SpaceX办公室之间进行的，因为它是一个不需要权限的地方。

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RUSSIAN | РУССКИЙ
Элон Муск – История | Видение | Компании

О пользователе Elon Musk
Элон Муск (Elon Reeve Musk) родился 28 июня 1971 года в городе Претория в Южной Африке. Он изобретатель, инженер, инвестор, продюсер и актер. Но его дела и удача особенно связаны с его компаниями SpaceX и Tesla Inc. На протяжении своей карьеры он создал несколько революционных и чрезвычайно прибыльных компаний, которые делают его одним из самых уважаемых людей в мире и считают революционером для человечества и Земли ,

Видение Элона Муска
Идея Элона Маска заключается в том, чтобы изменить мир и человечество с целью сокращения глобального потепления за счет использования возобновляемых источников энергии, создания устойчивых систем и полного устранения использования ископаемых видов топлива. Для этого он создал компанию Tesla Motors, которая производит автомобили, которые полностью работают на электроэнергии. Солнечные панели также выпускаются компанией SolarCity, которая специализируется на разработке систем солнечных панелей, которые захватывают энергию солнца, превращая его в электричество и сохраняя его для последующего использования. Эти системы солнечных панелей в настоящее время используются на крышах домов, но их развитие продолжается и в будущем будет больше мобильных технологий. С компанией SpaceX еще одна цель Элона Маска, которая может революционизировать жизнь человечества, - это космическое и межпланетное путешествие, создающее человеческую колонию на Марсе. Это кажется далекой реальностью, но Элон Муск продолжает создавать компании и разрабатывать идеи в различных областях, которые могут быть очень позитивными для человечества.

Компании Элона Муска
1995 ― Zip2 ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2
В 1995 году Элон Муск и его брат основали компанию, компанию по разработке программного обеспечения, где у него были контракты с The New York Times и Chicago Tribune, две из самых газет в то время. Компания стоила 28 000 долларов и была продана Compaq за 307 миллионов долларов, в которые Elon Musk получила 22 миллиона долларов за продажу.

1999 ― X.com ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com
В 1999 году Элон Муск основал компанию X.com, компанию, которая специализируется на оплате финансовых услуг и онлайн-платежей.

2000 ― PayPal ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal
В 2000 году слияние X.com и Confinity привело к созданию компании PayPal. Компания, ориентированная главным образом на передачу и платежи за виртуальную валюту, без централизованного банка, клиенты могли совершать покупки и платежи с помощью этой новой монеты. Компания, которая произвела революцию в отношении того, как люди покупают продукты с помощью Интернета. Элон Маск был исключен из генерального директора компании из-за направления, которое он намеревался предоставить компании, а не в соответствии с другими лидерами компании. В 2002 году eBay купил PayPal за 1,5 миллиарда долларов, в который Elon Musk получил 165 миллионов долларов на продажу.

2001 ― SpaceX ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX
В 2001 году Элон Муск и идея «Марса Оазис» - проект, направленный на создание экспериментальной оранжереи, чтобы проверить, может ли концепция людей жить на Марсе. Его целью в компании является освоение космоса и межпланетные путешествия. Будучи в это время еще вдали от этого, компания живет очень прибыльным временем, так как разработка его многоразовых ракет достигла в 2006 году, первый контракт стоимостью 1,6 млрд долларов США с НАСА для транспортировки грузов на Международную космическую станцию, а с тех пор регулярно добиваются того же типа контрактов, потому что они являются единственной частной компанией, способной.

2003 ― Tesla ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.
В 2003 году Элон Муск создал компанию Tesla, Inc. Компания стремилась создавать автомобили, которые полностью функционируют с электроэнергией. В период с 2003 по 2008 год состоялся процесс создания руководства компании, поиска инвестора, найма и планирования. В 2008 году, когда все факторы были благоприятными для этого, компания создала первый электрический спортивный автомобиль Tesla Roadster. С тех пор продажи продолжают расти, и компания продолжает создавать новые модели с большей автономией и лучшим качеством. Полностью электрические автомобили Tesla произвели революцию на автомобильном рынке, заставив все другие бренды следовать одному и тому же курсу и делать ставки на электромобили.

2006 ― SolarCity ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity
В 2006 году Элон Муск основал компанию SolarCity, которая стремится разрабатывать и производить солнечные батареи и системы хранения энергии, чтобы увеличить развитие устойчивой энергетики. SolarCity является вторым по величине поставщиком систем солнечной энергии в Соединенных Штатах Америки. В 2016 году Tesla сделала предложение приобрести SolarCiry для включения в услуги компании.

2013 ― Hyperloop ― https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop
В 2013 году Элон Маск раскрывает концепцию высокоскоростной транспортной системы через капсулы, которые будут перемещены через туннели. Этот вид транспорта направлен на сокращение перевозок в крупных городских районах и на создание более быстрых междугородних соединений между городами. В 2015 году Элон Муск начал конкурс для студентов, чтобы разработать гиперлопную систему с целью, чтобы молодые новаторы могли разработать систему, которая нравится Элону Маску. В 2017 году Элон Муск объявил, что получил согласие правительства на создание гиперлопной системы между Нью-Йорком и Вашингтоном, но несколько транспортных агентств отрицают существование такого одобрения.

2015 ― OpenAI ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI
В 2015 году Элон Муск объявил о создании компании OpenAI (Open Artificial Intelligence), которая является компанией с целью исследования искусственного интеллекта и разработки систем искусственного интеллекта, которые могут принести пользу человечеству таким образом, что у этой компании нет прибыли и ваши исследования являются общедоступными.

2016 ― Neuralink ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink
В 2016 году Элон Муск основал Neuralink, компанию, специализирующуюся на нейробиологии, с целью интеграции человеческого мозга с искусственным интеллектом. Включение искусственных имплантатов с целью слияния человеческого тела с программным обеспечением может привести к созданию сверхчеловеков, которые будут зависеть от технологии, имплантированной в ваше тело, или помочь решить проблемы, которые ваше тело не может сделать.

2016 ― Буровая компания ― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company
В 2017 году Элон Мукс создал компанию под названием The Boring Company, целью которой является выкапывание туннелей под большими мегаполисами, чтобы создать новую транзитную систему, в которой автомобили будут транспортироваться через платформы с одного места на другое. Таким образом, оборот транспортных средств будет автоматизирован и быстрее между пунктами назначения, при этом сокращается количество остановленных транспортных средств на дорогах. Первые тесты проводятся в Лос-Анджелесе между офисами SpaceX, потому что это место, которое не требует разрешений.